Normans - Medieval Viking Rulers in France and England

The Normans (from the Latin Normanni and Old Norse for north men) were ethnic Scandinavian Vikings who settled in northwest France in the early 9th century AD. They controlled the region known as Normandy until the mid 13th century. In 1066, the most famous of the Normans, William the Conqueror, invaded England and conquered the resident Anglo-Saxons; after William, several kings of England including Henry I and II and Richard the Lionheart were Normans and ruled both regions. Dukes of Normandy Rollo the Walker 860-932, ruled Normandy 911-928, married Gisla (daughter of Charles the Simple)William Longsword  ruled 928-942Richard I (the Fearless), born 933, ruled 942-996 married Hugh the Greats daughter Emma, then GunnorRichard II (The Good) ruled 996-1026 married JudithRichard III ruled 1026-1027Robert I (The Magnificent, or The Devil) ruled 1027-1035 (Richard IIIs brother) William the Conquerer, 1027-1087, ruled 1035-1087, also King of England after 1066, married Matilda of Flanders Robert II (Curthose), ruled Normandy 1087-1106 Henry I (Beauclerc) b. 1068, King of England 1100-1135 Henry II b. 1133, ruled England 1154-1189 Richard the Lionheart also King of England 1189-1216John Lackland Vikings in France By the 830s, the Vikings arrived from Denmark and began raiding in what is today France, finding the standing Carolingian government in the midst of an ongoing civil war. The Vikings were only one of several groups who found the weakness of the Carolingian empire an attractive target. The Vikings used the same tactics in France as they did in England: plundering the monasteries, markets and towns; imposing tribute or Danegeld on the people they conquered; and killing the bishops, disrupting ecclesiastical life and causing a sharp decline in literacy. The Vikings became permanent settlers with the express collusion of Frances rulers, although many of the grants were simply a recognition of de facto Viking control of the region. Temporary settlements were first established along the Mediterranean coast from a series of royal grants from Frisia to the Danish Vikings: the first was in 826, when Louis the Pious granted Harald Klak the county of Rustringen to use as a retreat. Subsequent rulers did the same, usually with the aim of putting one Viking in place to defend the Frisian coast against others. A Viking army first wintered on the Seine river in 851, and there joined forces with the kings enemies, the Bretons, and Pippin II. Founding Normandy: Rollo the Walker The duchy of Normandy was founded by Rollo (Hrolfr) the Walker, a Viking leader in the early 10th century. In 911, the Carolingian king Charles the Bald ceded land including the lower Seine valley to Rollo, in the Treaty of St Clair sur Epte. That land was extended to include what is today all of Normandy by AD 933 when the French King Ralph granted the land of the Bretons to Rollos son William Longsword. The Viking court based at Rouen was always a little shaky, but Rollo and his son William Longsword did their best to shore up the duchy by marrying into the Frankish elite. There were crises in the duchy in the 940s and 960s, particularly when William Longsword died in 942 when his son Richard I was only 9 or 10. There were fights among the Normans, particularly between pagan and Christian groups. Rouen continued as a subordinate to the Frankish kings until the Norman War of 960-966, when Richard I fought against Theobald the Trickster. Richard defeated Theobald, and newly arrived Vikings pillaged his lands. That was the moment when Normans and Normandy became a formidable political force in Europe. William the Conquerer The 7th Duke of Normandy was William, the son Robert I, succeeding to the ducal throne in 1035. William married a cousin, Matilda of Flanders, and to appease the church for doing that, he built two abbeys and a castle in Caen. By 1060, he was using that to build a new power base in Lower Normandy, and that is where he began amassing for the Norman Conquest of England. You can find lots more about William the Conquerer and the Battle of Hastings elsewhere. Ethnicity and the Normans Archaeological evidence for the Viking presence in France is notoriously slim. Their villages were basically fortified settlements, consisting of earthwork-protected sites called motte (en-ditched mound) and bailey (courtyard) castles, not that different from other such villages in France and England at that time. The reason for the lack of evidence for explicit Viking presence may be that the earliest Normans tried to fit into the existing Frankish powerbase. But that didnt work well, and it was not until 960 when Rollos grandson Richard I galvanized the notion of Norman ethnicity, in part to appeal to the new allies arriving from Scandinavia. But that ethnicity was largely limited to kinship structures and place names, not material culture, and by the end of the 10th century, the Vikings had largely assimilated into the larger European medieval culture. Historic Sources Most of what we know of the early Dukes of Normandy is from Dudo of St Quentin, a historian whose patrons were Richard I and II. He painted an apocalyptic picture of Normandy in his best-known work De moribus et actis primorum normanniae ducum, written between 994-1015. Dudos text was the basis for future Norman historians including William of Jumià ¨ges (Gesta Normannorum Ducum), William of Poitiers (Gesta Willelmi), Robert of Torigni and Orderic Vitalis. Other surviving texts include the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio and the  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Vikings, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Cross KC. 2014. Enemy and Ancestor: Viking Identities and Ethnic Boundaries in England and Normandy, c.950 – c.1015. London: University College London. Harris I. 1994. Stephen of Rouens Draco Normannicus: A Norman Epic. Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 11:112-124. Hewitt CM. 2010. The Geographic Origins of the Norman Conquerors of England. Historical Geography 38(130-144). Jervis B. 2013. Objects and social change: A case study from Saxo-Norman Southampton. In: Alberti B, Jones AM, and Pollard J, editors. Archaeology After Interpretation: Returning Materials to Archaeological Theory. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. McNair F. 2015. The politics of being Norman in the reign of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy (r. 942–996). Early Medieval Europe 23(3):308-328. Peltzer J. 2004. Henry II and the Norman Bishops. The English Historical Review 119(484):1202-1229. Petts D. 2015. Churches and lordship in Western Normandy AD 800-1200. In: Shepland M, and Pardo JCS, editors. Churches and Social Power in Early Medieval Europe. Brepols: Turnhout.

Ethical Issues with Project Prevention - 3325 Words

Project Prevention Offers Sterilisation To The Drug Addicts International Corporate Responsibility November 26, 2010 http://www.projectprevention.org/objectives/ Charity offers UK drug addicts  £200 to be sterilised. Drug addicts across the UK are being offered money to be sterilised by Project Prevention-an American charity. Charity is offering  £200 to any drug user in London, Bristol, Leicester and parts of Wales to be operated on. The first person in the UK to accept the cash is drug addict John from Leicester who says he should never be a father. The move has been criticised by some drug charities that work with addicts. Project Prevention founder Barbara Harris admitted her methods amounted to be ‘bribery’, saying that it†¦show more content†¦This charity wants to reduce the burden of this social problem on taxpayers and trim down social worker caseloads. The charity does not have the resources to combat the national problems of poverty, housing, education, and rehabilitation services. Resources charity does have are spent to prevent a problem for $300 rather than paying millions after it happens in cost to care for a potentially damaged child (â€Å"Project prevent ion†, 2010). Project Prevention is the charity organization that means a non-profit organization. Its main objective is to make general public aware of the problem of drug addicts exposing to their unborn child to drugs during pregnancy. The founder Barbara Harris has a personal experience how the drug causes the problems. This was the only reason this charity was born. Mrs. Harris has a good intention behind her act. $11.4 billion was spent by US government in 1994 just after the rehabilitation for the addicts and make them drug free but no sufficient result was achieved. She has already paid 3500 addicts across the US not to have children. She is visiting in the UK to encourage the addicts to undergo the surgery for cash. She has named this task as a â€Å"Long term birth control† (â€Å"Project Prevention†, 2010). People do take drugs and some of them stop taking it eventually. I am worried about the long-term effect that sterilisation may have on ex-addicts who took the cash and went for sterilisation. Now, they may regret itShow MoreRelatedbp case study Essay641 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿1. What are the main ethical issues and dilemma BP faces in this case? A project that is on a large scale faces some issues, including: There are concerns about the coating of the pipeline and the risks of leakages, in particular in Georgia, where oil spills might significantly impact the country’s strategic water resources in the Bojorni National Park. Concerns were also raised over the fact that the pipeline runs through earthquake zones, which leakages nearly inevitable or could not be avoidedRead MoreIntroduction:. 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What soon followed was an amendment to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 which has,† influenced both the parents’ right to make medical decisions for their child and the way laws can affect treatment options in the US†, (Resnick, 2011). The Indiana Baby Doe case sets precedent which I deem toRead MoreA Short Note On Ethical Issues And Dilemmas966 Words   |  4 PagesE. Ethical Issues and Dilemmas Unfortunately, SCD rarely affects the wealthy or the majority racial/ethnic group. SCD mostly affects people of African descent and most often they come from lower socioeconomic group. A study conducted on caregivers of children with SCD showed that 61% of the caregiver’s highest level of education was a high school diploma. As we are all aware, the U.S. has a history of racism. This could contribute to the amount of funding and support that research for SCD receivesRead MoreThe Code Of Conduct For Armed Forces1413 Words   |  6 Pagesover such as discrimination and conflict of interest. The doctrine was written and signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 17 August 1955 and has only modified twice since. When women entered the workforce, it made significant changes to the ethical cultures within different organizations. A lot of these women and men have been victims of physical violence within the workplace and/or involving their co-workers. Recognition. In the Code of Conduct for the Armed Forces of the United States, thereRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Is An Incredible Feat871 Words   |  4 PagesThe human genome project is an incredible feat. The significance and contributions of the project to the science world has and will have a significant impact of the way we treat, diagnosis, and prepare for diseases if an individual knows they have a predisposition to it. There are two significant contributions that I believe has been very beneficial to the health field. The first is recording and storing all the new found information on genomics into one database. More importantly though is havingRead MoreEssay On Planning For A Community750 Words   |  3 PagesWhy did you select this community to plan a program for? In the beginning of the term my project was a completely different topic. I wanted to focus on intimate partner violence in the United States, but found that the informations was just way to broad for this type of project, so I changed my focus. I ended up going with the elderly population in Tucson Arizona because I feel like the elderly are often pushed to the side, not thought of enough. The reason I chose Tucson Arizona is because thatRead MoreProject Prevention : A Non Profit Organization1413 Words   |  6 Pages Project Prevention formally known as C.R.A.C.K, is a non-profit organization that offers current and former drug addicted men and women an incentive of $300 to commit to use a form of birth control, options include an IUD, oral contraceptives, Depo-Provera or agree to sterilization. Barbara Harris, which is the founder of Project Prevention, adopted four children from the same drug addicted women who could not take care of her children. Barbara Harris came up with the idea of the organization whenRead MoreEvaluation Of The Braden Scale Screening Tool Essay895 Words   |  4 Pagesthey will be able to have a greater success rate in properly assessing patients who have a higher risk of acquiring HAPUs and will be able to intervene in a timely manner before any irreversible damage is done. 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Business Law and Justice

Question: Describe about the Business Law and Justice? Answer: Issue: The main issue in this case is whether the time is a relevant essence or not, and the validity of the contract is also in question. In this case both the parties are blaming each other but there was no concurrent proof in relation to that. The time for execution of the contract was changed without proper notification to the appropriate party. The performance from both the parties is stipulated in accordance with the specified time. If it has been changed with the free consent of the other party, then also there is no comprehensive evidence in front of the Ld. Court, for that reason making any decision in relation to that depending upon assumption would not be fair. Facts: De Jong, the plaintiff, was looking to purchase land from Carpenter, the defendant. By virtue of this, the solicitor of the defendant drafted a contract which stated that the sale will depend upon obtaining finance by the purchaser from a particular source before completion of 28 days. He retained a copy of this contract and sent a matching part of the contract to the solicitor of the purchaser. The solicitor of the defendant has been instructed by the defendant to introduce a new condition into the contract which provides completion within a certain period of time of the essence of the contract. This modification was duly made by the solicitor of the defendant in his copy only and the solicitor of the purchaser was neither notified nor aware of this modification. For that reason it was not recorded in the copy of the purchaser. Consequently, both of the solicitors were agree to amend the stipulated period of time in the finance passage from 28 to 14 days. But there was no conclusive evidence that the purchaser gave his free consent to it. Signed copies of the contracts were exchanged among them. But before completion from the part of the defendant as to the contract, plaintiff sought specific performance. Courts decision: As per the observation made by the court and decision given by the court, it has been considered that the decision has given in favor of the defendant rather defendant has won the case. Legal Principals: Proper acceptance of the contract with free consent is a necessary element of every contract. Without the free consent of either part no agreement can be treated as a valid contract, in any contract if free consent from any of the party is not present then that would be a void contract . The legislations governing the contract laws in Australia, also specifies that any contract without the free consent of the parties is void and do not have any legal enforceability. Identification made by the court: The court has observed that there is no conclusive evidence which can support the fact that the defendant has given his consent to the modification made in the contract. It shows that there is a possibility of lack of free consent from the part of the defendant. Any decision based upon any assumption is not possible for the end of justice, so it would not be a valid contract as no assumption or adjustment is permissible with the basic requirements of a valid contract and free consent is a basic requirement. Exercise 2.2: In this case Lora cannot enforce Belinda to buy the car in stipulated time, as the new terms which has been introduced by Lora, are inserted into the contract without the consent of Bellinda, even at the time of discussion Belinda knows that the car has fulfilled the criteria that is within 50,000 K.M but in actual it has run more than that, so like the previous discussed case, this contract is also not valid and not legally enforceable due to lack of free consent from Belinda. Exercise 3.1: In this case Lee is not guilty, as the two conditions which are to be complied are to stop the vehicle and to render assistance as is necessary. Here the word necessary implies that if any person is injured or suffers any type of loss then the immediate assistance which is required for that person is to be rendered. But if things are alright and no assistance is needed or asked then the other party cannot do anything except stopping the vehicle. Here Lee has complied the first clause and the clause is not required as the person was helped by others and things were seems alright as well as under control. The general meaning of the word is required assistance. This words itself implies the requirement. Exercise 3.2: Generally Judges follows three rules of interpretation of statutes, those are Literal rule, Golden rule and mischief rule. Literal rule is the most common one, in this the actual grammatical meaning of the words used in the statutes are taken into consideration. In golden rule the inner meaning or the implied meaning of the provisions is considered. In case of mischief rule when there any conflict among legislations then the detection of the defect and finding out the remedy to solve the conflict is previewing within the scope of mischief rule. There is no difference among Statute, Legislation and Act, all of them are same and equal. Exercise 4.1 Here Bruce should file a suit for specific performance. Maud breaches the contract, in any kind of breach of contract there are three remedies, those are specific performance, damages and injunction. In this case Bruce can go for either specific performance or damages but considering the financial condition of Maud, Bruce should go for specific performance of the contract. Exercise 4.2: Under this circumstances Amy cannot claim the amount of $ 4,000, as this agreement has domestic elements and the courts have presumed that if any agreement has social or domestic elements then such an agreement will not be legally binding. Exercise 4.3: Fact: Ripley used to reside in a big house; he was a affluent and aged man. Ripleys sister (Wakeling), is a married woman and reside in England, whom Ripley wrote a request to live with him in his house at Sydney. In addition to that request, he promised to leave them his belongings and Wakeling can reside in his house for free. For that reason, Wakelings departed from England, sell out her properties, and resigned from her job to migrate to Sydney. After a year, both the parties had a major deviation. In result, Ripley sold his assets and changed his will. Then Wakeling sued Ripley for breach of contract. Issue: Whether domestic or social elements can bind legally or not. Decision: It was held by the Ld. court that the situation which arose from the family members, consequence to a legally binding contract. Opinion With Reason: This decision was appropriate as migration has made depending upon the contract. Exercise 4.4: Subjective test depends upon the subject matter of case while in objective test the main object of the Act is taken into consideration. In case of determining the intention, generally objective test is followed by the courts. Exercise 5.1: The main argument from the defendant was that the advertisement was a general one for every one, so it is not possible to enter into a contract with the entire world. The court held that its may be for the entire world but if any one comes forward and fulfills the specified conditions then with that person the company enters into a contract. The offer was made to the world at large. Any person by performing specified conditions can enter into that contract. By giving a subsequent advertisement for withdrawal the offer it can be withdrawn. Generally in invitation to treat there no specific condition to be fulfilled and it does not contain any commercial affluence, for that reason it is not an invitation to treat. Subjective test is implemented depending upon the main subject matter of the case while in case of objective test the main object of the case or issue where from dispute arose is taken into account. Here the court has followed the subjective test for determing the main object of the advertisement. Exercise 5.2: There is no contract between Jene and the shop keeper, as there was merely an invitation to offer, here Jene has made the offer which is not accepted by the shopkeeper, so without acceptance there is no contract. Exercise 5.3: John and Tuan can file a suit against the advertiser, as it was an offer not invitation to offer, here any person who will fulfill the condition, that is to return the dog shall automatically enters into the contract with that person, and then the advertiser is bound to perform his obligation. Exercise 5.4: Bill cannot enforce Dave to sell the car as it was merely an invitation to offer not an actual offer, here Bill made the offer to Dave that was not accepted by Dave, and without acceptance there is no contract can be considered. Exercise 5.4: In postal rule of acceptance, it completes when the acceptance comes to the knowledge of the person who made the offer. Exercise 6.1: Here Kim can sue Huyen for damages as Huyen hide major information from Kim regarding the sold article. EXERCISE 6.2: Terry cannot sue Dave as terry wanted to leave the job which was not legal so the subsequent contract between Terry and Dave is a void contract. Exercise 6.3: The doctrine of promissory estoppel was attempted for greater utilization. The agreement between the parties denotes to accept payments in part of a debt in full settlement. The court has been reluctant to override cases like Foakes v Beer as it have formed portion of the common law for such a long period. Justice Arden in the case of Collier v P MJ Wright Ltd, has acknowledged the principal that High Tees could be quench the right of a creditor in full settlement of a dept in such situation. Exercise 6.4: In this famous case an ex-wife tried to take benefit of the rule that had been acknowledged in the High Trees case, to compel her husband to pay maintenance to her. In this case the court held that there is no scope for application of promissory estoppels, it can be used as a defence but not as a cause of action. In Lagione v Hateley case it was observed by the court that the rule of promissory estoppels can be used only as defence, no cause of action can be sought depending upon promissory estoppels. In present days promissory estoppel exists in a strict manner, it does not confirm any cause opf action but defence can be made depending upon this rule. It denotes that if the relying party changes his position due to the faith of the promise, will suffer from detriment, if it was allowed to depart from his enforcement of former contractual rights. Exercise 7.1 Parol Evidence Rule is considered as a law which restricts the party to a written agreement from disclosing any extrinsic proof. Exercise 7.2: The contract between Yvonne and Marcel and sale of tyres by Yvonne can be taken in account. Marcel has to show the tyres defect and bill of sales for claiming his part. Exercise 7.3: If there is already damage before taking goods in hand, then the signature of authoritative party if there is any damage EXERCISE 7.4: Exclusion clauses are that which prevent parties to the contract. Exercise 7.5: 1. Requirement of notice is legal concept and it is needed to make parties aware about legal process. 2. A contractual term that has less legal gravity is non-contractual documents. Examples: if one party counsel other that document does not hold any liability exclusion. 3. A term that leads to contractual obligation is contractual document. Examples: drawings, specifications, executed agreements. 4. Contractual documents considers legal obligation at high and can lead to litigation whereas non contractual document considers less legal aspects. Exercise 8.1: Constructive notice is taken as legal fiction which ensures that people should understand even if they do not hold any knowledge about it. Exercise 8.2: None of the mentioned terms are discussed as these conditions are implied. The purchaser will expect the same quality of product which was provided earlier. This expectation is implied. Exercise 8.3: In the above mentioned two statutes the word that implies the object of the statute to a certain extend are Fair and Competition. Exercise 8.4: The food supplier cannot sue John as he is incompetent to contract, and the food supplier entered into a contract with a minor, therefore the contract is void. Exercise 9.1: (a) iii) a misrepresentation (b) iii) a misrepresentation Exercise 9.2: a) it was not a misrepresentation. b) it was a fraudulent misrepresentation to sell the car. c) it was a innocent misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation is done with an intention to deceive but innocent misrepresentation is done due to lack of knowledge. Exercise 9.3: a) The contract would be void, and the actual seller shall have the right upon the sold item. b) The court decided that the contract is a void contract and does not have any legal enforceability, and the item shall be owned by the shop keeper. c) it is a fraudulent misrepresentation. As it was not intended to make any face to face contract but to any random person who will come to the shop[18]. Exercise 10.1: Raymond cannot claim it as Maria disposed her property with her own consent. Exercise 10.2: Economic duressin a contract arose when a party to the contract threatens to cancel the contract unless the other party consented to their anxiety. E.g. John and Ronny enters into a contract where john will sell umbrellas to Ronny but suddenly John refuses to sell it unless Ronny increases the price of the goods. Exercise 10.3: Yes, Marks behaviour constitute unconscionable conduct, as knowingly the facts he took undue advantages. Exercise 11.1: 1. By performance;2. By agreement;3. By subsequent agreement;4. By operation of law;5. By election after breach;6. By frustration 1) Discharge of contract means ending the contract. These are the ways to end a contract: 2) It mainly depends upon the terms, object and implications of the contract. 3) If there is no fault from the parties, and situation restrict the parties from further obligations then it shall be discharged by frustration. 4) Damages provided for infringement of the right. Punitive damages means damages give with example of a similar kind breach or obligation. Yes, punitive damages are provided by the courts in relevant suites. 5) As the court held that Baxendale could only be responsible for the losses that were usually foreseeable, or if Hadley had specified his particular situation in advance. 6) Tyre dealer shall be liable for this incident, and in the second case the answer will remain same as the above. References: Barling, Julian and Michael Robert Frone,The Psychology Of Workplace Safety(American Psychological Association, 2004) Beale, H. G and Denis Tallon,Contract Law(Hart Pub., 2002) Brmmelmeyer, Christoph, 'Principles Of European Insurance Contract Law' (2011) 7European Review of Contract Law Di Girolamo, Nick,Recent Reforms To S.54 Of The Insurance Contract Act 1984(NSW Young Lawyers, the Law Society of NSW, 2004) Elliott, Catherine and Frances Quinn,Contract Law(Pearson Longman, 2007) Gale, Chris, 'The Business Of Business Law' (2007) 49Managerial Law Harrison, Jeffrey L and Jules Theeuwes,Law And Economics(W.W. Norton Co., 2008) International Labour Law Reports, Editors, 'Austral.1 AUSTRALIA' (1996) 17International Labour Law Reports Online Kokkoris, Ioannis,Merger Control In Europe(Routledge, 2011) Mann, Trischa,Australian Law Dictionary(Oxford University Press, 2009) Morgan, Jonathan,Great Debates In Contract Law(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) Olsson, L. T,Guide To Uniform Production Of Judgments(Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, 1999) Richards, Paul,Law Of Contract(Pearson Longman, 2007) Slapper, Gary and David Kelly,The English Legal System(Cavendish, 2004) Slorach, J. Scott and Jason G Ellis,Business Law(Oxford University Press, 2007) Vollm, B., 'AS03-01 - Reactions And Consequences Following Judgements By The European Court Of Human Rights In The UK' (2012) 27European Psychiatry [1] David Kelly, Ann E. M Holmes and Ruth Hayward, Business Law (Cavendish, 2005).[2] K. L Fletcher and K. L Fletcher, The Law Of Partnership In Australia (Lawbook Co, 2007).[3] Denis J Keenan and Sarah Riches, Business Law (Pearson Longman, 2007).[4] Ewan MacIntyre, Business Law (Pearson Longman, 2008).[5] Paul Richards, Law Of Contract (Pearson Longman, 2007).[6] J. Scott Slorach and Jason G Ellis, Business Law (Oxford University Press, 2007).[7] H. G Beale and Denis Tallon, Contract Law (Hart Pub., 2002).[8] Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn, Contract Law (Pearson Longman, 2007).[9] Christoph Brmmelmeyer, 'Principles Of European Insurance Contract Law' (2011) 7 European Review of Contract Law.[10] Chris Gale, 'The Business Of Business Law' (2007) 49 Managerial Law.[11] B. Vollm, 'AS03-01 - Reactions And Consequences Following Judgements By The European Court Of Human Rights In The UK' (2012) 27 European Psychiatry.[12] L. T Olsson, Guide To Uniform Production Of Judgments (Austr alian Institute of Judicial Administration, 1999).[13] Nick Di Girolamo, Recent Reforms To S.54 Of The Insurance Contract Act 1984 (NSW Young Lawyers, the Law Society of NSW, 2004).[14] Lars Meyer, Non-Performance And Remedies Under International Contract Law Principles And Indian Contract Law (P. Lang, 2010).[15] Jeffrey L Harrison and Jules Theeuwes, Law And Economics (W.W. Norton Co., 2008).[16] Julian Barling and Michael Robert Frone, The Psychology Of Workplace Safety (American Psychological Association, 2004).[17] Jonathan Morgan, Great Debates In Contract Law (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).[18] Gary Slapper and David Kelly, The English Legal System (Cavendish, 2004).[19] Trischa Mann, Australian Law Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2009).[20] Ioannis Kokkoris, Merger Control In Europe (Routledge, 2011).[21] Editors International Labour Law Reports, 'Austral.1 AUSTRALIA' (1996) 17 International Labour Law Reports Online.

Rhythm Essays - Music, Harmony, Accompaniment,

Rhythm In this video, we are shown the basic structure of rhythm, tempo and so on. We do involve in rhythm every day, from walking to dancing, tapping our foots even heart-beating is considered as responding to rhythm. Rhythm could be said as the most essential element that connects everything in music and it defines as the sound that exists in a pattern between time. It could be known as the element of TIME in music. It simple means how long the musical events occur (Duration), it could be a single note, multiple notes or even silence could be considered as rhythm. People likes good rhythm that lies on a beautiful melody while if u hadnt created a good rhythm, the audience will notice it right away in a performance. Beat, is just like a pulse and tempo, defines as the pace or speed of the beats and the music played which it helps the composer to express the intense or the relaxing moment in certain piece of music. Moreover, it makes the players of the song that how fast or how slow they sh ould play the song just like a metronome, a speedometer in music. When beats are organized into a recurring pattern with accents, it is recognized as a meter the most common ones are duple meter (2/4 times), triple meter (3/4 times), and quadruple meter (4/4 times). Rhythm helps make up the styles of the music and every style have their unique rhythm. It evolves through time, in 1940s, the famous rhythm is Jazz music, and it slowly changed to the Rockn Roll era when people get sick of the rhythm. In an orchestra, bass players such as bassist, drummers, guitarists, and pianists are required to study and understand the rhythm because they are the essential part to create a good rhythm. This rhythm is like a backbone of the band, pretty much like a rail track for the train which it provides the steady, smooth and seamless for the band and other element to ride along with it. Try to imagine that when the train be completely fell apart if the tracks come off and it illustrates the relationship between the rhythm and the piece of music. To conclude, rhythm is just as equally important as other essential element in the piece and if the rhythm was poor, working on anything else will not help anything to become better. Harmony Unlike the melody, harmony is the notes that are played vertically instead of horizontally. A simple differentiation between melody and harmony would be melody is described as single note that is played in a time sequence, one after the other and harmony is described as multiple notes that are played together, all at the same time and vertically. They are being played behind the melody. For example, harmony is found in chords where instruments such as guitars could illustrate this. Chords are stacked up with 1, 3 or 5 notes on top of each other that are in the same scale. There are two triads that can be used as example, major triad which is created by combining a root note with a major third and a perfect fifth whereas the difference of minor triad and a major triad is just replacing the major third with a minor third. For example, C major chord contains the notes of C, E and G and when they are played at the same time, a C major chord is produced. Chord progression is how the chords are placed one after another in the piece and it is functioned differently in terms of harmony to provide different expression of the feeling, tense, stable and so on. There is a fundamental relationship in this progression that is, the tonic-dominant relationship which the chords based on the 1st known as the tonic, and the 5th known as the dominant is related. For instance, the C major tonic chord always has the G major key that act like supportive and dependant role to the tonic note. The complexity of a song in terms of harmony could be elaborated through its texture which often described using the terms such as Monophonic, a single line of melody which has no harmony. Biphonic,