Mr. Road

Old Alfred Road, who is well-known to drivers on the Maine Turn-pike, has reached his seventieth birthday and is ready to retire. Mr. Road has no formal training in finance but has saved his money and invested carefully. Mr. Road owns his home—the mortgage is paid off—and does not want to move. He is a widower, and he wants to bequeath the house and any remaining assets to his daughter. He has accumulated savings of $180,000, conservatively invested. The investments are yielding 9% interest. Mr. Road also has $12,000 in a savings account at 5% interest. He wants to keep the savings account intact for unexpected expenses or emergencies. Mr. Road’s basic living expenses now average about $1,500 per month, and he plans to spend $500 per month on travel and hob-bies. To maintain this planned standard of living, he will have to rely on his investment portfolio. The interest from the portfolio is $16,200 per year (9% of $180,000), or $1,350 per month. Mr. Road will als o receive $750 per month in Social Security payments for the rest of his life. These payments are indexed for inflation. That is, they will be automatically increased in propor-tion to changes in the consumer price index. Mr. Road’s main concern is with inflation. The inflation rate has been below 3% recently, but a 3% rate is unusually low by his-torical standards. His Social Security payments will increase with inflation, but the interest on his investment portfolio will not. What advice do you have for Mr. Road? Can he safely spend all the interest from his investment portfolio? How much could he withdraw at year-end from that portfolio if he wants to keep its real value intact? Suppose Mr. Road will live for 20 more years and is willing to use up all of his investment portfolio over that period. He also wants his monthly spending to increase along with inflation over that period. In other words, he wants his monthly spending to stay the same in real terms. much can he afford to spend per month? Assume that the investment portfolio continues to yield a 9% rate of return and that the inflation rate will be 4% Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 154.

Priestley’s Paradox

It is assumed that technology has aided the increase in interpersonal communication however it important to discuss the effects of technology on modern communication. This essay briefly provides a critical opinion on modern communication and provides examples of some interpersonal communication that rely on new technology, its potential advantage and possible dilemma with the use of modern technology in interpersonal communication. The world today is a global world; we live in a global village and the world as we know it keeps decreasing due to the rapid growth of technology. The ever increasing speed at the development of new technology creates innovative ways of communicating and in more ways than one has changed the way people communicate. Although modern communication has some advantages, which include convenience, speed, dissemination, and these advantages can be overpowered by disadvantages such as lack of content, language confusion. It will be argued here that the role of modern technology provides methods that hinder interpersonal communication, therefore while there are certain advantages associated with the increase of communications technology; these are evidently outweighed by the disadvantages. Communication is important to humans and a vital part of our world; man is a social animal and therefore requires communication as an essential tool for socializing. Focusing on interpersonal communication skills, Eunson (2008, p. 86) defines this as the processes that help, distort or block communication of messages between individuals but communicating effectively requires some basic skills such as active listening, usage and interpretation of body language and facial expressions. Technology however has created different channels to enhance interpersonal communication, invention such as mobile phones, emails, social networks, has made for easier, faster and smarter ways of communicating. This has led to the internet becoming an essential instrument in the media and communication strategies of civil society (Bailey, Cammaers, Carpentier 2008, p. 98). However with such availability, communication barriers are constantly increasing, with language confusion and a vast vocabulary of ever growing internet slang. Priestley’s paradox suggests that the rapid increase in communications technology has increased the quantity but decreased the quality of contemporary communication (Eunson 2008, p. 4-5). Whether or not this statement is entirely true, it is undeniable that it is very representative of the degree to which communication has deteriorated due to the constant increase of different technologically enhanced means of communication. Communication between individuals includes both verbal and non-verbal that can be easily misunderstood depending on the medium of communication. The occurrence of misunderstanding between individuals is heightened because of the lack of personal connection and context. Emails are generally informal, unstructured with the use of colloquialisms and jargons, email has rendered irrelevant more direct and often more effective forms of communication such as using telephone, walking down the corridor and talking, or attending meetings (Eunson 2008, p. 208-215). In addition to that, some people take advantage of the accessibility of sending an email and say things they wouldn’t feel comfortable saying in face to face conversations and messages sent can be misinterpreted or misunderstood by receiver further reducing the quality of communication. Things such as body language and eye contact is non-existent when it comes to sending emails, these are very essential part of daily conversations and some people use it as an excuse to avoid face to face conversation. Many may argue that in the past few years the world has undergone radical changes with the amount of available modern communication mediums, and these appears to have caused an increase in the number of social networks. Online communications mediums, weblogs in part, are sites of author audience interaction that differ from face to face performance and traditional reader relationship (Buckingham 2000, p. 207). Most young people spend countless hours on social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Yahoo creating friendships and relationships with people they meet in cyberspace. The strangeway in which so many of these interactants see the internet as both an intimate area for exchange, as well as a place for public display, challenges our perceptions of these boundaries (Buckingham & Willet 2006, p. 19). The ease at which many disclose personal information on the internet via social networking sites is alarming as they generally are exposed to risks of contact with paedophiles (e. g. via grooming in chat rooms) and often exposure to violent or racist / hate material (Buckingham & Willet 2006, p. 94). Another advantage of communicating via social network sites is that people can share ideas a nd values while maintaining anonymity. Concerns about modern communication is the

Biopsychosocial Perspective Essay

Psychologists past, present, and future desire the answer to one basic question; â€Å"what factors influence a person’s physical and mental health are they related if a relationship exists†; thus Health Psychology emerged. In pursuit of the answer several models or perspectives came about. Over time psychologist realized that focusing on one causal factor results in partial information for analysis of health and illness. Thus, the biopsychosocial model became the primary perspective used and is the focus of this paper. â€Å"This perspective recognizes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces act together to determine an individual’s health and vulnerability to disease; that is, health and disease must be explained in terms of multiple contexts† (Straub, 2012, p. 16). Achieving an understanding of biopsychosocial perspective requires a description of the systems and three contexts of this theory, examination of the influence of this theory on the biomedical viewpoint, and examination of how the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors influence a person’s health. Through a hypothetical scenario an illustration of the ways in which all three factors interacts and influences an individual’s health and well-being will emerge to reaffirm understanding. Three systems and contexts The biopsychosocial model consists of systems and three contexts: immune system, endocrine system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system, as well as biological context, psychological context, and social context. As most humans know the immune system is how people fight off disease and illness. If the immune system is weak then the disease or illness will take over and weaken its host. The endocrine system is the glands within the body and the hormones produced by the glands. The nervous system controls the glands  through stimulation. The hormones released from the glands interact throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system comprises the brain, the sensory organs, the spinal cord, and all the nerves connecting these organs with the rest of the body. The primary job of the nervous system is controlling the body and communication within its parts. The cardiovascular system is the blood, blood vessels, and the heart. The primary job of the cardiovascular system is to carry oxygen, nutrient, cellular waste products, and hormones within the body. All these systems work together to keep the body functioning and healthy. If any system is weak for any reason the body is vulnerable to disease and illness. The systems work together within the human body, but they also interact with the biological context, psychological context, and social context to influence health and well-being (Albery & Munafo, 2008). The biological context examines how genetics influence health. The psychological context examines how psychological influences (coping strategies) affect health and illness. The social context examines how social influences (culture, family, society†¦.) affect health and illness. These systems and contexts work together like the gears of a clock to influence an individual’s health and well-being. If a gear gets nicked the clock starts to slowly lose time, but repair the gear and the clock is good as new. This is true of the biopsychosocial model of health and well-being also. The biopsychosocial model was not the first model psychologist used to explain health and well-being it was the biom edical model. Influence on Biomedical Model The biomedical model considers the absence of disease is physical wellness. This model is good practice but it has limitations. The biomedical model focuses on health and well-being as biological issues with biomedical solutions (Sutton, Baum, & Johnston, 2005). On the other hand, the biopsychosocial model takes into account the whole person leading to extensive research in many aspects of wellness. It addresses more than physical well-being as many people now are ill but they have no presence of disease. Socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity and generational differences all play important roles in this model of wellness (Marks, Murray, Evans, & Estacio, 2011). The biopsychosocial model is an expansion of the biomedical model. This new model agrees that biological issues influences health and  well-being, but also believes that psychological and social issues influence health and well-being as well. Three factors influence on health and well-being A 30 year old mother of four children under 10 goes to her physician complaining of extreme fatigue and a loss of energy. Many people would say â€Å"of course you are tired. You have four young children†. She has high blood pressure, but her medication controls it so that is ruled out as the cause of her fatigue. Her doctor runs blood work, sends her for a sleep study, and asks questions about social and psychological issues that could be bothering her. When all the results are in there is no answer for her fatigue so the doctor diagnosis her with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome which means that no one knows why you are tired. Over the next several years she is in and out of her doctor’s office. The fatigue has such a toll on the woman that she gets sick easily and more often. Until she turned 30 this woman only had seasonal allergies and never got the flu or a cold. Now she seems to be sick more than not. Using the biopsychosocial model to examine this woman’s health and well-being will show how the biological, psychological, and social contexts as well as the systems are interacting to influence her health. When the doctor was questioning the woman about her psychological and social well-being he was ruling out depression as the cause. The woman is not fatigued because she is a busy mom rather the cause is a deficiency of a chemical in the brain. Through the numerous visits to her doctor she learns of a vitamin D deficiency, an underactive thyroid, and finally the root cause of her fatigue; Narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder which affects an individual’s waking hours as a result of insufficient sleep. This disorder leaves the woman needing to take medication to sleep and medication to stay awake, but still feeling fatigued about half the time. The systems involved in this individual’s health issues are the nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular. Looking back at the clock analogy, three of the gears of her clock have nicks. Since three of her systems are weak this woman is vulnerable to disease and illness. The biological context of her health is the deficiency of t he chemical within the brain. The psychological context of her health is how she copes and over comes the issues surrounding her disorder. The social context of her health is how her family, friends, and  community react to her disorder. On a daily basis she struggles to function adequately. She is now 37 years old and works as a substitute teacher, working on her masters, wife, and mother. Every day she wakes up feeling as though she could go back to sleep and did for the first two years. She could sleep eight to nine hours at night get her kids off to school then sleep all day till her kids get home. With the medication she takes now the day time sleepiness is not as severe, but can still be overwhelming some days. Imagine the social issues that can arise as a substitute teacher if her medication is not working and she falls asleep while with students. Trying to function with narcolepsy when life previous to the disorder consists of outdoor activities, energy, and multi-tasking can cause psychological issues. Having a strong social support system, following medical advice, and a strong will to succeed keep the woman psychologically strong. The woman does struggle in her academic life, but refuses to give up. So tir ed and rundown daily she fights thru any issues that arise from the disorder that now runs her biological, psychological, and social life. Although, her clock may lose time as a result of the nicked gears, she duck-tapes the nicks and reset her clock daily. Narcolepsy is a life altering, mysterious neurological disorder that can pose serious problems for the ones affected by it.   Although, there is no cure for narcolepsy research shows that with medication, education on the disorder, counseling, support from family members and friends, that there can be some relief from the symptoms. Conclusion Over time psychologist realized that focusing on one causal factor results in partial information for analysis of health and illness. Thus, the biopsychosocial model became the primary perspective used and was the focus of this paper. An understanding of the biopsychosocial perspective attained through a description of the systems and three contexts of this theory, examination of the influence of this theory on the biomedical viewpoint, and examination of how the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors influence a person’s health. The hypothetical scenario looked at a woman with narcolepsy and the issues she faces daily from a biopsychosocial perspective. References: Albery, I. P., & Munafo, M. (2008). Key Concepts in Health Psychology. Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications. Marks, D. F., Murray, M., Evans, B., & Estacio, E. V. (2011). Health Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications. Straub, R. O. (2012). Health Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach 3rd Edition. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Sutton, S., Baum, A., & Johnston, M. (2005). The SAGE Handbook of Health Psychology. Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications.

Personal statement for graduate school Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For graduate school - Personal Statement Example That night was the turning point in my life. It made me realize a few things that I should be grateful for. However, feeling appreciative of these amazing gifts was not the only way to express my gratitude for what I have been privileged to possess. Rather, it is the contribution I could make in the society in order to share what I have been fortunate to have that actually matters. I understood right at that moment that the only way I could repay my parents for all the sacrifices they made for me in getting a good education is to do what my father had hoped I could do best in the society; that is, to help and share my knowledge in the field of Applied Math and Statistics. As the years passed, I have come to realize that the road to my goal was not that easy. Like most students who grew up in a normal school in the United States, every day was a challenge. I went to class, wanting to excel. Unlike others who go to a boarding school where they are disciplined in a stricter way than in a normal school, no one supervised my performances in the classroom. As such, I could have been lazy and lax in my studies. Although my parents were furnished with my grades, they do not get involved in my scholastic performance. It was not because my parents did not support me and help me with my responsibilities in school. Rather, it was their trust in me. They allowed me to direct my studies, from elementary to college and even at present. Furthermore, I did not want to bother my parents with any of my school responsibilities as they already have so much to handle, raising our family and ensuring there was enough food on the table. As such, having only myself to depend on was a far better challenge than obtaining the highest Grade Point Average or GPA in college. Intrapersonal struggle, I have come to realize, was a lot more difficult. Free will becomes a disadvantage instead of an advantage. There was no one else to blame for the consequences of the wrong decisions I would make except myself. Exercising my own free will was so tempting that I thought I just had to exercise mine by choosing not to do my homework assignments, skip classes, and party. There were just so many things I thought I could do that would make my life in school a lot easier. Nevertheless, the thought of an obscure future as a result of choosing the easy way in college was more stressful than doing the right things that were expected of me. My professors and family deserved to see they had trained me well. Others may think being in a normal school from primary up until college is easy, but the truth is, it is the contrary. Because one has more freedom to do things in a normal school than boarding school, practicing diligence is much harder. Nonetheless, it has shaped my personality and my attitude towards learning. The challenge of facing myself and my weaknesses was the toughest, yet the most rewarding. If it had not been for these personal difficulties I had to overcome, I would not recognize my strength in academics. To encourage myself to focus my interests in school, I had to search for that one thing that would ignite my passion for learning. Even at a young age, I had already found myself fascinated by the way mathematics works. This realization of the fun I had while I taking my Math classes from elementary to high school was my motivation. My love for numbers, analyzing problems and solving them kept my life in school on track. I wanted things to be as precise as they could be, just as

Mitt Romneys economic plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mitt Romneys economic plan - Essay Example America in the recent past experienced an economic crisis that resulted into a severe economic aftermath like loss in jobs, reduced output by industries and wealth reduction by individuals as well. This effect is likely to take economists decades to curb this though they are encouraged to act quickly in terms of scope and costs relayed through relative activism (Ogburn, 2009). Amidst this, Romney comes with a comprehensive and deliberate plan to curb this crisis leading to economic growth and development of the Americans not forgetting their critical welfare. Actual plan Romney’s plan is because Americans as an agile society and world’s economic powerhouse is highly in need of its economy to rapidly come back to its knees. Romney has the target of an annual GDP growth rate of 4% per annum over the period he speculates to be in power to bring back the level of unemployment to its previous level before the crisis (Obama, 2008). This appears to be an uphill task but throug h the aggressiveness of the Americans and Romney’s leadership, it shall be achieved within the specified timelines. The growth and development agenda according t Romney should and must be divided into parts as follows: - First, his regime must focus more on productivity growth through relevant policies to support savings and investments, creativity and innovation, trade activities, education and training. Secondly, the government will have to develop a budget framework that is much friendly to the financial system.

Sealed Bids vs. Competitive Proposals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sealed Bids vs. Competitive Proposals - Essay Example In some cases, the contractors are able to change the price of their bids at the last moment as the lowest price gets leaked out. On the other hand, in the competitive proposals, more responsibility rests on the shoulders of the contractor as the entire work methodology is proposed by him rather than the client. It is risky as the competitive proposals are adopted as a method of procurement particularly for very complex projects (quelchnet.com, n.d.). The contractor might not be able to execute the work as the proposed methodology might turn out to be actually more complicated than the contractor had anticipated. â€Å"Through the process of procurement request for proposal, bidders can underscore their experience and expertise in an area† (Conviron, 2011). In addition to that, every contractor submits just one proposal as the submission is followed by negotiation with an evaluation committee chosen by the client if the proposal is deemed acceptable. Since competitive proposal s are more flexible as compared to sealed bidding, information from one contractor might be disclosed to

Personal Leadership Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Personal Leadership Development Plan - Essay Example As is basic for these groups, I might be working in moderately little, cross-utilitarian assemblies with others, on the whole working a little set of records. Inside that group, my particular obligations could extend from City Manager, City Planner, Government Manager, Non-Profit Manager, Executive Assistant, or Chief of Administration, all of which I have experience finishing now through my different employments, volunteers, internships, and grounds associations. Imperative authority aptitudes in aggregations of the sort incorporate high assignment introduction, capacity to oblige and team up both remotely with the customers and inside the group, and the ability to boost bunch effectiveness through fitting undertaking division. While the examination of my outcomes from the collection of overviews and evaluations will offer a more definite dissection of how my current qualities play into or challenge those obligations, I feel that I to a great extent have a solid premise in those mea surements with evident room to develop and enhance later on. In general, I observe that I am a legit and minding diligent employee who values productivity and close flawlessness. Not just do I accept that these are critical models throughout my life, I observe that I proclaim these characteristics to others, on occasion setting a bar excessively high for any other person to arrive at. While I value the general capacity to be both strongly meticulous and for the most part minded, I do periodically become involved with the particulars of an assignment, staggering to demand that everything is executed simply right. Humorous in view of the extent to which I get a kick out of the chance to arrange things, I get amazing delight and fervor from spontaneity, maybe due to its irregularity. All the more formally, I have wide arriving at abilities, running from different sorts of managerial

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Essay Example Though the technology is only a few years old, the amount of response it has received, in that short period is so overwhelming. The essay will provide more information on Bitcoin and its importance to the society. Apart from acceptance by many brick and mortar businesses such as restaurants and a number of online services like Amazon, it also uses Bit Coin technology. The most common way in which a person obtains Bit coins is normally through exchange or competitive mining (Shieber, 8). Mining is usually the process where individuals’ services to the network are rewarded. One thing that makes this technology unique is the fact that its mode of payment is easy. Unlike other purchases that require debit or credit card, for a Bitcoin purchase, one only needs a computer or phone (Shieber, 8). Through e-wallet application, one is able to make his payments because the only requirement is the recipient’s address. Bitcoin has a number of advantages. Unlike other financial institutions such as banks that operate from 8am to 4pm, Bitcoin has no such rules. Bitcoin is active at all times through the year, unless the system encounters an error or there it is undergoing an upgrade. Unlike ot her services such as PayPal that charge transaction fees, Bitcoin transactions are normally free of charge, only a small transaction fee is in situations where users wish to have the transactions done faster (Shieber, 9). Bitcoin also ensures that all transactions are secure and transparent. This is because the system is protected by cryptographically; therefore, there is little chance of tapping or altering information in the system. Whereas Bitcoin has many benefits, there are some limitations associated with it. Bit coin is far from being accepted because either people have not yet heard of it or they are still in doubt about this recent invention. Another disadvantage is that Bit coins can get lost in the network. With the massive number of Bitcoin transactions in a

The bad effects of illegal immigration in the usa Speech or Presentation

The bad effects of illegal immigration in the usa - Speech or Presentation Example In 1882, President Chester A. Arthur banned almost all Chinese immigrants, paupers, criminals and mentally ill from entering the USA. This was the first time a distinction between legal and illegal immigrants was made and regulated. Moving on we see that Since the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Congress has passed seven amnesties. Some of these include the Immigration and Reform Act (IRCA), in 1986 which serves as a blanket amnesty for over 2.7 million illegal aliens. The second passed in 1994, Section 245(i) Amnesty, which was a temporary rolling amnesty for 578,000 illegal aliens and extension of this, was added in 1997. The HRIFA 1998 and Life act Amnesty 2000. Despite Americans’ opposition to illegal immigration and amnesty, open border advocates are pressuring President Barack Obama to pass yet another mass amnesty for illegal aliens (End Illegal Immigration, 2011). Americans of all backgrounds are still seriously concerned about the negative impact of illegal i mmigration, such as with the number of bankrupted hospitals, overcrowded schools, and increased crime. Taxpayers pay dearly for this, illustrating the high cost of so-called â€Å"cheap labor† for some unscrupulous employers and their political allies who for decades have watered down immigration laws.

Project Risk and Procurement Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project Risk and Procurement Management - Essay Example The study investigates global catalogue facility in IBM that supports strategies aimed at offering IBM innovative catalogue solution for indirect purchases while supporting all teams in need of catalogue functionality. Issue at hand Procurement teams face challenges as well as opportunities from the increased competition, accelerated globalization and growth of services as essential differentiators in the marketplace, it is essential for organizations have to reassess their prevailing strategy and constantly validate its efficiency based on current and expected future business environment. At the core of IBM’s integrated supply chain is its global procurement’s value coming from its people and technologies that secure goods as well as service in support of internal partners and external clients in development and delivery of quality products and offerings (Williams, Lueg & LeMay 2008). IBM’s global supply chain involves a large number of suppliers is used to addr ess every product and service offering the company produces. Devising supply chain of this dimension and complexity while attaining end-to-end perceptibility and total incorporation is not a small task. Collaboration with suppliers and business partners remains crucial for the company in today’s business because it enables communication in the supply chain and ensures that suppliers are agile and responsive. Currently, the company’s supply chain is complex and functions much like a multi-point network configuration with movement of goods, processes and communications essential to the network (Baraldi 2008). Concept of supply chain management Supply chain management in the past few decades became extremely essential to companies operating in the competitive global marketplace. Although there are many definitions on the concept of supply chain, supply chain entails the context in which goods, services and information flow from the supplier to the end user; however, in re cent past supply chain expanded to include flow in the opposite direction. Therefore, supply chain management entail effective and efficient supervision of the supply chain and relationships between parties taking place in the chain. The significance of supply chain management is often associated with benefits it offers to organizations in the chain because it offer benefits like decreased costs, boosts revenue, increases satisfaction in customers and improves delivery and product or service quality. The benefits arise from various factors associated with supply chain management like information sharing, coordination and the resulting synergies between organizations (Baltacioglu, Ada, Kaplan, Yurt & Kaplan 2007). Moreover, through supply chain management, market data needs can efficiently be monitored and changing consumer needs and demands can easily be accessed and satisfied through proper production processes. As well, providing the right products and services at the right time a nd location offers customer satisfaction, and this potentially increases sales and revenue. Supply chain is essential considering that in the current global market it is impossible

Business Contract Agreement and Possible Negligence Assignment

Business Contract Agreement and Possible Negligence - Assignment Example An offer is a declaration of the expressions on which the offeror wishes to adhere to (Deakin et al, 2003). Expression of offers comes in distinct forms and can be in the form of an advertisement, email, conduct and a letter, only if it communicates the grounds on which the offeror intends to contract. However, an offer should be differentiated from an invitation to treat. Invitation to treat is an â€Å"expression of willingness to negotiate†. This is an invitation for customers to present their offer. However, an offeror making an invitation to treat is not obligated as soon as it is accepted by the offered individual. In this case, the advertisement by Techno products was an invitation to treat and not an offer. This implies that the company invited customers to contract. This implies that the company is not bound to sell the computers to anyone willing to pay for them. This is seen in Partridge v Crittenden (1968), where the court determined that the appellant only intende d to offer to sell the birds and was not an offer (Young, 2010). However, an advertisement can be an offer in certain circumstances. In this case, the advertisement by Techno products to sell the computers at ?1 to the first ten customers on 12th September 2013 was an offer. In this case, the actions of Peter portrayed acceptance of the offer. This case is similar to Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893). In this case, the company offered a reward to anyone who contracted influenza as a result of using the smoke ball for three times. The court determined that any individual who makes an offer for the sale of items through an advertisement impliedly brandishes notification of acceptance if the primary objective is to sell as many items as possible (Young, 2010). In this case, Techno products chief aim for carrying out the advertisement was to increase its sales after it had seen that its profits were on the decline.  

Nietzsches Attitude to Religion Essay Example for Free

Nietzsches Attitude to Religion Essay I carefully read Ms S Ramola Naidu’s Ph. D. dissertation entitled â€Å"Culture, History, Politics: The Representation of Women in the American War Novels of Ernest Hemingway, e. e. cummings, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. † submitted at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Divided into four chapters, the dissertation is neatly chalked out with a very informative introduction and a befitting conclusion. All the four novels undertaken for the study dwell upon the image of the American women against the background of the World Wars. Chapter I, â€Å"Fragmentation of Society: The Enormous Room,† shows that women are not the weaker sex but are the pillars that support family and society. Chapter II entitled â€Å"Triumph of Love: A Farewell to Arms† deals with the evil effects of the First World War on society in general and on women in particular. Chapter III, â€Å"Parental Indifference: Mother Night,† focuses on the catastrophe of the Second World War disapproving â€Å"the ultra-modern American woman who sacrifices the basic demands of her family† (page 9, Abstract). The last chapter, â€Å"Bureaucratic Callousness: Catch 22† depicts the chaotic military organizations and the ugliness and brutality of human exploitation. Ms Naidu’s topic has a great relevance to the present political context in the entire world standing on the threshold of another atomic war. It has become our responsibility to avoid war upto the possible limit for the peace, prosperity, and happiness of human beings. Through her study Ms Naidu tries to evince that the holocaust of World Wars has engendered a lot of human miseries problems, the loss of human dignity and ntegrity, eventually reducing man to the status of a tragic figure. She is also sure that women problems cannot be solved through any slogan or being a liberate women or feminist. A woman can achieve her dignity cherishing a firm faith in the sanctity of true love, basic emotions and feelings, sacrifice and moral and social values. Ms Naidu is quite successful in delineating the writers’ vision about a bright future that is not far fetched provided every individual develops a positive attitude towards life. It is good piece of research embodying clarity, critical acumen, and hard industry of the candidate. The thesis is characterized by a refined and chiselled language, though a few syntactical, grammatical, and punctuation errors are also visible here and there. It is a purely thematic study. The candidate has adopted an analytical method; and the representation of women in the American novels of the mentioned writers has been highlighted through the analysis of plots, characters, dialogues, and settings. She is capable enough to display her critical insight, logical coherence, and the skill of the assimilation of material in the corpus of the thesis. It is well-written and fulfils all the requirements of a good dissertation. In view of the above, I am pleased to recommend that Ms Ramaola Naidu deserves the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English of Osmania University, Hyderabd.

Global Warming Annotated Bibliography

Global Warming Annotated Bibliography Our planet has been around for a very long time and has had several changes to its climate. Most of these changes have been caused by humans, and the effects have gotten worse and worse as the population on the planet has been increasing. This source is a scholarly source. It is a decent sized book that has many different charts and graphs about the Earths climate and weather and how it changes, and also how humans have changed it with greenhouse gas emissions. Another reason why I believe this source is scholarly is that it was writing by two people with doctorates. A third reason is that they list many sources they have used to help make their book about global warming. This book is relevant to my topic because it has a vast amount of information of Earths climate and global warming effects. I mainly used this source because it gives a very well detailed introduction to global warming. I also used this source to be a scholarly source for an intro to global warming, so I can have a popular source about global warming as well. Reasons for this source not being too well is that it is a very lengthy book with a lot of information that I dont need for an introduction to global warming, also the introduction itself is very long and makes it a little more difficult to summarize all the contents it had. Shah, Anup. Climate Change and Global Warming.ÂÂ  Global Issues, Updated: 10 Aug. 2010. Accessed: 15 Sep. 2010. Every year the population is constantly increasing at a very high rate. Leaving more and more people that would be using electricity, driving cars, flying in planes, and littering. Also creating a larger chance for other species to be endangered if we dont make smarter choices. This source is a popular source because they dont have any other sources to back up their information. Also the person who wrote the article isnt credited for any degrees or PhDs. This source is relevant because it explains details about our global warming problem. I used this source to get another view on an introduction to global warming, but by using a popular source this time instead of a scholarly source. One thing that wasnt very great about this source is that it was kind of brief. It wasnt loaded with a lot of content to explain more about the global warming problems. Another reason is that it doesnt focus much on any topics of global warming, it seems as though the author tried to cram in everything a bout global warming in a few paragraphs. Simmons, . 5 Deadliest Effects of Global Warming.Environmental GraffitiÂÂ  n. pag. Web. 15 Sep 2010. . There are a large variety of effects global warming has to our climate and planet. One result of global warming is the spread of disease, it makes it much easier for diseases and viruss to spread due to the warmer climate. Another effect is longer and more drastic heat waves and droughts, which could increase the number of wild fires and can cause some areas of wild life to die out from lack of water. There are many other effects such as the polar ice caps melting, warmer water causing more hurricanes, and many others. This source is a popular source because it isnt very lengthy and it has a lot of things off the side. It also has an area where the users can make comments and put feedback on the content. I feel that this source is essential because it has various effects of global warming. I used this source because the information it contained is useful to my research on global warming. One reason this source wasnt perfect is it didnt go in a lot of detail with all the effects. It l isted many of them and had a sentence or two about the effects. Nordhaus, William, and Joseph Boyer.ÂÂ  Warming the World. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. Print. The United States produces the most carbon dioxide gas emissions than any other country in the world. Since we cause the most pollution our country is going to be vastly more effected than some other smaller countries that dont release many greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If we dont do anything to stop this, the global warming effects will hit our country hard with disasters from nature such as hurricanes and wild fires, which will also cause us to be in a worse economic state for paying the repairs needed after the effects of the natural disasters take place. This is a scholarly source because it is just text, has a lot of pages, and many charts and graphs about the changes in our climate and how each country is effecting our climate. One thing about this source that wasnt needed was the fact that they had almost every single country listed on their charts. In my opinion I think it is only necessary to have data on all of the major countries. What Can We Do To Stop Global Warming?.ÂÂ  Global Warming News BlogÂÂ  n. pag. Web. 15 Sep 2010. . The main cause of global warming is the emissions of Carbon Dioxide gases. Doing stuff like car pooling, making less trips to stores, and riding a bike or walking to a near by place instead of driving there can greatly decrease the amount of Carbon Dioxide emissions if everybody contributes. There are also other methods of stopping global warming by using alternate energy sources, such as sun, wind, and water. This source is a popular source because there arent any charts or graphs anywhere and there is no author mentioned with a PhD. This article is relevant because it lists many options we have to stop global warming. Im using this source to find out about those ways to stop it, or at least slow the process down until we can figure out better and more efficient ways of stopping global warming. This source isnt perfect because there wasnt any graphs that could help show how cars have effected the environment. Also there isnt any other sources that could back up their statements. Krupp, Fred, and Miriam Horn.ÂÂ  Earth, The Sequel. New York : Environmental Defense Fund, 2008. Print. Most likely the best possible way to end the process of global warming would be to find very efficient and effective alternate energy sources. We already have many alternate energy sources such as using wind, using the sun, and using water. There is also another energy source that is very efficient, which is nuclear power. The problem with this is many people are afraid that there will be a meltdown causing many problems. This source is scholarly because it uses other sources for citations throughout the book. It also is very detailed and doesnt use simple words. This source is really good because it has pages and pages with information about ways to solve global warming, it has positives and negatives on the choices we can make. I used this source to figure out more about our options to end our global crisis. This source isnt perfect because there werent any charts in it, there was only numerical data within the sentences that were backed up by other sources in some cases.

Bridge expansion joints †performance and materials

Bridge expansion joints – performance and materials 1.1 Introduction Expansion joints are used in bridges to allow movements like expansion and contraction between the bridge deck spans and abutments. These movements are caused due to temperature, soil settlements, vehicle acceleration and other reasons (Klaiber, et al., 1987 and Dagher, et al., 1993 as cited in Thippeswamy, 2002). Expansion joints are subjected to severe loading due to the direct impact of the wheels. They are a very important component of a bridge structure and if carefully designed, properly installed and reasonably maintained will give a trouble free performance for many years. Though joints are made of various materials like rubber, silicone and polymer they deteriorate since they are constantly exposed to impact, vibration of traffic and natural elements like water, dust, ultra violet rays and ozone (Chang Lee 2002). The durability of expansion joints is a major concern to bridge owners. The maintenance cost of joints is relatively high than the initial cost .This led to the de sign of jointless bridges. Jointless bridges do not develop stress due to corrosion of joints, accumulation of debris and differential elevation of joints (Thippeswamy, 2002). The behaviour of the jointless bridges not known and the designs being complicated are not implemented in spite of their advantages. This literature review deals with: characteristics of a good expansion joint that must be noted while design a joint, defects observed in expansion joints, survey studies conducted on existing joints to study their behaviour and some manufactures of bridge expansion joints in the industry. Studies on improving the performance of expansion joints is conducted, research on reducing the cost of maintenance of the joints should be conducted. 1.2 Characteristics of a good expansion joint A bridge expansion joint for proper functioning must have the ability to: accommodate movements in vertical and horizontal direction; withstand applied loads; resist skid and corrosion; operate silently with less maintenance (Lee, 1994). Price (1984) suggests that the performance of a joint is influenced by structural movements of the joint in horizontal and vertical direction, traffic loading, materials used, condition of the substrate, weather and temperature during joint installation, workmanship and performance of bearings. 1.3 Commonly observed joint defects Guzaltan (1993) as cited in (Chang Lee 2002) studied some commonly observed defects in expansion joints. They include damaged seals, accumulation of debris in the joint components, rusting of metal plates and nuts, cracking of concrete, corrosion of steel reinforcement, water leakage, improper joint alignment and joint vibration during vehicle passage. Fincher (1983) as cited in (Chang Lee 2002) presents the results of a survey conducted by Federal Highway Administration during a five year evaluation period which demonstrated that 60% of the expansion joints examined leaked. Additionally, Wallbank (1989) as cited in (Lee, 1994) explains that in a survey conducted on two hundred bridges by The London Department of Transport, the deterioration of the expansion joints was caused due to leaking and faulty drainage details. Chang and Lee (2002) conducted a study to observe the performance of joints in Indiana and found that some joints failed due to cracks in the seal and suggested test ing it before installation. Fault tree modelling was used for qualitative explanation of bridge element interaction but could be used only for catastrophic failures (Attoh- Okine Bowers 2006). These models are not applicable to bridges since they fail over an extended period of time. Fault tree models were also prepared by LeBeau and Wadia-Fascetti (2000) and Sianipar and Adams (1997) as cited in (Attoh- Okine Bowers 2006). A new deterioration modelling based on belief networks that effectively capture and illustrate the hierarchical, interaction and uncertainty factors present in bridge deterioration was developed by Attoh- Okine and Bowers (2006). Belief networks are also called Bayesian belief networks and are based on Bayes theory. The belief network approach is more appropriate than fault tree analysis since it can be used to investigate the components of a bridge including deck material, girders, bearings and abutments have a great influence on deterioration. 1.4 Studies conducted on the performance of existing expansion joints Chang and Lee (2002) conducted a study to observe the performance of the different joints used in the highway bridges in Indiana. Five popularly used joints were: compression seal (B.S), strip seal (S.S), integral abutment (I.A), poured silicone (X.J.S) and polymer modified asphalt (P.M.A). The data was obtained from questionnaire survey, analysis of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) roadway management data and expert interviews. Questionnaire survey was conducted by giving questionnaires to the state bridge inspectors and engineers around Indiana. The problems with joints were encountered and possible improvements were suggested. The analysis of historical data using logistic regression approach found that S.S joint had the best performance. The expert interviews consider I.A joint to offer good results and suggest improvement of B.S and S.S joints. An inspection campaign was conducted on 150 expansion joints of 71 road bridges in Brisa, Portugal where the maintenance cos t reached a peak of 25% (Lima Brito 2009). The joints installed within the traffic lane of the bridge were considered. The expansion joints were characterised based on their type, and age of the bridge. It was recorded that the joints used more frequently included reinforced elastomeric cushion joints, elastomeric flexible strips, and asphaltic plug joints. The data obtained from the inspection campaign was statistically analysed. The results showed that joints that were replaced mostly frequently were elastomeric joints and that different joints have specific maintenance needs. The transition strip and the anchorage cavities of the expansion joint are the parts that require more maintenance. It was also observed that the errors during installation and lack of maintenance caused pathology of the joint. The results of campaign conducted show that there was a lot of improvement in the commercial expansion joints and suggests investigation on the new or improved systems and materials. It also suggested that simple systems with fewer components are more reliable and require less maintenance. Asphalt bridge expansion joints when used in cold countries cracked within the first two years. To improve the performance the commercial MEIJIA asphalt binder was modified with polymers: thermoplastic rubber and rubber (Yu, et al., 2009). The polymers were used in various combinations, and their performance at low temperatures is evaluated by conducting tests including: ductility, penetration, indirect tension and bending tests. The data from ductility and penetration tests performed on binders indicated that the strength and deformation capacity at low temperatures improved. Four expansion joints made with the modified asphalt mixtures were installed on two bridges in a cold region and found that the joints showed good performance. 1.5 Assessment of expansion joint performance using monitored data A study was conducted by to develop a procedure for verification of the design and evaluating the condition of expansion joint by monitoring joint displacement and bridge temperature on a long term (Ni, et al., 2002). This method was applied to Ting Kau, cable stayed bridge in Hong Kong. The service life and replacement of joint depends on the cumulative displacement. An accurate prediction of the cumulative displacement will provide the time interval for joint inspection or joint replacement. Monitoring the thermal movements at the expansion joints and comparing them with the design values provide verification on design. The whole system had more than 230 sensors like anemometers, accelerometers, displacements transducters to measure displacements located at the ends of the deck, temperature sensors, strain gauges, weight in motion sensors and global positioning system. A good correlation between the movement of the expansion joints and effective temperature was observed. The daily average cumulative displacements of the expansion joints in the bridge are much less than design values. Additionally monitoring systems had been implemented on many bridges in different countries by (Andersen Pedersen 1994; Cheung et al. 1997; Barrish et al. 2000; Sumitro et al. 2001; Mufti 2002; Koh et al. 2003; Wong 2004) as cited in (Ni et al. 2002). 1.6 Effect of SSI and ground motion spatial variation Chouw and Hao (2008(a)) studied the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and ground motion spatial variation effect on bridge pounding responses for bridges with a traditional expansion joint between adjacent girders. The study was conducted on two adjacent bridge frames. It was confirmed that structures that are built on stiff soils may experience larger pounding forces than those on soft soils. It was also examined that decrease of ground motion correlation caused larger pounding responses. Numerical simulation was conducted by nonlinear dynamic response analysis and investigated pounding mitigation and prevention of unseating in the highway bridges due to seismic forces (Raheem, 2009). It was observed that seismic pounding generates significantly higher magnitude and short duration acceleration pulses than typically assumed design magnitude. This results in severe impact forces that damage structural members like the deck or pier. Additionally the effects of SSI and bridge pounding response for bridges with modular expansion joint system (MEJS) were observed (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). It was concluded that the girders with a large gap of a MEJS caused stronger impact forces. It was found that significance of nonuniform ground motions depends on the properties of the ground motions, subsoil and the structures. 1.7 Types of Expansion Joints 1.7.1 Selection of joint type The type of joint is selected depending on the movement expected for serviceability limit state. More than one type of joint may be suitable for a particular range of movement. The movement range that should not be exceeded for each expansion joint is given in Table 1. Table 1. Selection of joint type (Department of Transport, 1989) Joint Type Total acceptable longitudinal movement Maximum acceptable vertical movement (mm) Maximum (mm) Minimum(mm) Buried Joint under continuous surfacing 5 20 1.3 Asphaltic plug joint 5 40 3 Nosing joint with poured sealant 5 12 3 Nosing with preformed compression seal 5 40 3 Reinforced Elastomeric 5 * 3 Elastomeric in metal runners 5 * 3 Cantilever comb or tooth joint 25 * 3 * Maximum value varies according to manufacturer or joint type 1.7.2 Modular bridge expansion joint Modular expansion joint is used when the joint movement exceeds 100mm.The modular expansion joint has many advantages including: water-tightness, corrosion protection, great potential as they increase the life of concrete and steel bridges (Crocetti Edlund 2003), greater movements in translation and rotation. It can accommodate the three dimensional movements without generating additional stresses or strains in the load-bearing members or in adjacent bridge or abutment structures. 1.7.2.1 Noise generation in a modular expansion joint The traffic generates more noise on bridges than on roads, as sound is produced on the top and bottom of the deck. The noise generated from a modular expansion joint under vehicle passage is louder than those of ordinary expansion joints (Ravshanovich, et al., 2007). The mechanism of noise generation for a modular bridge expansion joint which causes noise pollution was studied by conducting tests on a full scale model of a joint. A series of car-running experiments were conducted on the joint and studied its noise and vibration characteristics. A modal analysis of the joint is performed using finite element modelling. It was observed that the frequency of the noise generated above the joint varies from 500 to 800Hz due to sudden change in air pressure within the gap formed by rubber sealing with the middle beams. The frequency is less than 200Hz below the joint caused by the sound radiation due to the bending vibration modes of the middle beams being excited by an impact force from t he car wheels. Likewise a numerical investigation was conducted on a modular expansion joint of an expressway bridge to understand the generation and radiation mechanism (Ghimire, et al., 2009). The numerical analysis was conducted using finite element method. 1.7.2.2 Performance of Modular expansion joint Modular joints have the ability to cope with large thermal expansion and contraction of large bridges (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). They are capable of preventing girder pounding during strong earthquakes. A complex joint was modelled to study the dynamic response of a modular bridge expansion joint (Crocetti and Edmund, 2003). The vertical loads perpendicular to the roadway plane were considered. Horizontal loads were eliminated since the excitation mechanism was sophisticated and the behaviour of the joint in the horizontal direction was stochastic in character. A single fatigue test was performed. Data from the field tests including measurement of wheel load distribution factors, horizontal and vertical wheel loads, determination of damping and natural frequencies were obtained from Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The result of the fatigue test conducted agreed with the S-N curve plotted for welded connection between the support bar and the centre beam suggested by Dexter, et al. (1997) cited in (Crocetti Edmund 2003). Additionally an experimental investigation was performed to study the fatigue performance of a welded multiple support bar modular bridge expansion joint (Chaallal, 2006). The welded multiple support bar modular bridge expansion joint was used in the rehabilitation of Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal. The vertical and horizontal loads were considered unlike (Crocetti Edmund 2003) which is more practical since the expansion joints are subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads. Experimental tests were conducted on three subassemblies of the modular joint for various loads and S-N curve was plotted. 1.8 Manufacturers of Expansion joints 1.8.1 The Bridge Joint Association Bridge Joint Association (BJA) prepares standards and current practice sheets. It comprises of manufacturers and installers of bridge expansion joints which include: ASL CONTRACTS LTD, FREYSSINET LTD, GRACE CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS LTD, Highways Maintenance Specialists LTD and MAURER LTD (Bridge Joint Association, 2009). 1.8.2 Watson Bowman Acme Corporation Watson Bowman Acme Corporation (WBA) found in 1950 isa recognized innovator in the development and manufacture of expansion joint controlsystems. Some of the joints manufactured by WBA include: Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal This is a high performance expansion joint system that uti ­lizes a two-part sealant between elastomeric concrete headers made of Wabo ®Crete II capable of absorbing impact loads. The headers are coupled with Wabo ®SiliconeSeal make it an ideal expansion joint system that is adopted in the industry for new construction or repair of existing joints. Wabo ®Crete II elastomeric concrete is widely used in header applications for bridges and parking structures. Polyurethane is used in the header material to minimize edge spalling associated with high impact loads while achieving superior bonding capabilities. The Wabo ®SiliconeSeal is a cold applied self levelling sealant requires no priming which simplifies acceler ­ates the installation process. Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal system is licensed under US Patent No 5.190.395. This joint is adopted for applications with a maximum movement range of +100% / -50% of the joint gap (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007) . Wabo ®Crete FlexFoam This is an armorless expansion joint system that is designed with closed-cell foam joint seal installed with epoxy adhesive between an impact absorbing elastomeric concrete header. The high impact absorbing, ambient cured and self-levelling properties of the Wabo ®Crete II joint header allows for the joint system to mono ­lithically bond to the deck creating a watertight system. Using an elastomeric concrete joint header achieving superior bonding ca ­pabilities and minimizing edge spalling (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Expandex This is a flexible asphaltic plug joint system designed to accommodate minimum structure movement while providing a smooth transition between the ap ­proach pavement and the bridge deck. Wabo ®Expandex is used typically at abut ­ments or asphalt overlays due to its unique asphalt compatibility. The system combines the use of a traffic bearing plate with special aggregate reinforced modified elastomeric material (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Jeene ® This joint system comprises of a neoprene profile, which is air-pressurized and bonded in place with a specially formulated epoxy ad ­hesive. With properly installation, the Jeene ® joint system will not tear away, protrude out of, or slip from its original position on exposure to repeated mechanical or thermal movements. Complete adhesion of the epoxy to the profile and joint wall is achieved due to the air inflation during installation. Jeene ® is the most durable, versatile, cost-effective and watertight expansion joint (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®HSeal This is a pre-compressed elastomeric coated expansion joint system de ­signed to provide a permanent weather tight seal. The system is sealed in place with an epoxy, which allows it to accommodate horizontal, vertical, and skew expansion joint movements. Wabo ®HSeal consists of a micro-cell, stable to UV, polyurethane foam impregnated with a hydrophobic polymer and topped with a traffic grade elastomeric coating. The im ­pregnated foam provides a valuable secondary water tight seal in case the primary elastomeric coating is damaged. This system is supplied in pre-compressed sticks for easy installation (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Flex This is a molded rubber cushion expansion joint which is designed to accommodate structure movements from 2 inches up to 13 inches. In Wabo ®Flex system the molded rubber cushions are steel reinforced and imbedded with corrosion-resistant aluminium wear plates. Tongue and grooves at the end of each rubber cush ­ion ensure a watertight connection and prevent uplift or separation (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®TransFlex This is an original reinforced elastomeric molded rubber expansion joint system. All sections feature tongue and groove fittings for tight end-to-end mating across decks and at curbs and are steel reinforced. It can be installed in new decks, or in older structures on rehabilitation projects. These joint systems readily adapt to skew angles. Wabo ®TransFlex system will accommodate anticipated thermal movements reject debris and create a level, smooth-riding, wear-resistant surface if properly installed (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal This is a pre-compressed elastomeric coated ex ­pansion joint system that works under its own constant internal pressure to provide a weather resistant seal. The system contains an open-cell foam seal im ­pregnated with a hydrophobic polymer sealing compound. Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal can be used on applications which cause simple thermal movements or on applications where seismic movement is anticipated. The Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal system is recommended for use on all in ­terior and exterior wall, ceiling and soffit expansion joint applications (Watson Bowman Acme, 2007). The joint systems manufactured by Watson Bowman Acme Corporation are compared as shown in Table 2, with respect to their features and their recommended area of implementation. Table 2: Comparison between the various joints manufactured by WBA. Joint Features Recommended for Wabo ®Crete SiliconeSeal Watertight system, rapid installation, Cold applied, Expansion joint applications with a maximum movement range of +100% / -50% of the joint gap Horizontal expansion joint applications on bridges and highways. Wabo ®Crete FlexFoam Accommodates movement cycle through compression and tension, Minimizes dirt or debris accumulation Horizontal expansion joint applications on bridges and interstate highways. Wabo ®Expandex. Provides smooth riding surface, can be milled or planed during resurfacing operations, joint openings with movements up to +/- 0.75 at time of installation Sealing joints on secondary highway bridge structures. Joint Features Recommended for Jeene ® . Accommodates forces associated with multi-directional movements, resists hydrostatic pressure, Accommodates thermal movement Sealing joints on bridges roadways and tunnels. Wabo ®HSeal Can accommodate horizontal, vertical and skew expansion joint movements, easy installation Sealing joints on bridges, sound wall barriers Wabo ®Flex maximum friction, prevents debris accumulation, reduces deflection under traffic load ­ing, maximum movement of 13 inches Bridge decks and ramps, Low height joint sealing restrictions Wabo ®TransFlex Watertight connection, prevent uplift or separation maximum movement of 13 inches Low height joint sealing restrictions bridges, decks and ramps Wabo ®Seismic WeatherSeal seismic movement capability, weather resistant, self-expanding non-laminated construction, accommodates movement up to +/- 50% Stadiums, parking garages, Replacing failed joints 1.8.3 Universal Sealants Limited Universal Sealants limited (USL) focuses on construction of bridges, tunnels, rail and other major structures. It manufactures supplies and installs specialist construction products including: bridge expansion joints; membranes for bridge deck waterproofing; protective coatings; concrete repair and car park refurbishment work. Some expansion joints offered by USL include: Uniflex expansion joints This system uses a butyl rubber membrane, bonded to the concrete and asphalt surfaces with Uniflex epoxy adhesive to provide an efficient and permanent joint that is easily installed. The system accommodates a variety of conditions from those experienced on an asphalt-covered traffic-free roof, to bridge decks with sheet membrane, spray on coating or asphalt waterproofing, also it can be used with two layer mastic asphalt or brick paving systems. The Uniflex system is chemically inert and completely impervious to water and water vapour. In buried joints the membrane is completely protected by the wearing surface. Uniflex membrane will not deteriorate during its service and the combination of a simple design and proven components makes the system naturally long-lasting and well up to the requirements of modern building and civil engineering practice (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Febajoint This joint is fully registered with the Highways Agency, Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembley (BD 33/94: Joint Type 2) suitable for all class roads and motorways. The joint is nominally 500mm wide and not less than 100mm deep which will provide optimum movement capacity of +/- 20mm. The materials are applied hot and in a fluid condition, with temperatures up to 180 °C. Careful considerations should be made by the engineer before using this joint. Binder compounds use thermoplastic materials which contain polymer modified bitumen, mineral fillers and chemical additives (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). FEBA HM expansion joints The system is fully registered with the UK Highways Agency for type 2 application. It is a high modulus flexible, waterproof asphaltic plug joint. The main feature of this system includes a resistance to wheel tracking. This joint is suitable for a maximum horizontal design movement of  ±20mm. The FEBA HM system should be considered in places of high traffic volumes, constant standing traffic or heavy loading. The materials are applied hot and in fluid condition, with temperatures up to 180 °C. Binder compounds are classified as thermoplastic materials and contain polymer modified bitumen, mineral fillers and chemical additives (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Nosing Joint (NJ) system This joint system is an ideal for maintenance situations and has been developed to provide a whole life economic solution for applications where asphalt plug joints are unsuitable and is registered with the UK Highways Agency, The Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembly. A surface mounted nosing joint with an elastomeric insert bonded to the rapid curing elastomeric compound known as Britflex ® Resin Mortar (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). The Transflex, Waboflex and Euroflex These joints are registered with the UK Highways Agency, the Scottish Executive and the Welsh Assembly for use on highway bridge decks (BD 33/94: Joint Type 5). These joints are reinforced elastomeric comprising of steel angles and a steel bridging plate system encased in a flexible elastomer. The movements that can be accommodated vary from 38mm to 330mm in structures including: All types of highway structures, car park decks, footbridges and podium decks (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). The Britflex ® BEJ Expansion Joint These joints are registered with the UK Highways Agency, Scottish Executive and Welsh Assembley for use on bridge decks on all classes of roads and motorways. (Department of Transport BD33/94: Joint Type 6). This system is ideal for maintenance projects where there is a need to replace failed systems. The major benefit of this system is its speed of assembly on-site (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Londitudinal Joint (LJ) system This system has been developed to provide an effective method of sealing longitudinal expansion gaps and soffits. This joint accommodates both longitudinal and vertical movement and also provides a substantially watertight seal. The LJ joint system can be used as a waterproof cover joint or as a drainage channel under joint with the facility to install drainage outlets into the system (Universal Sealants UK Ltd, 2009). Table 3: Comparison between the various joints manufactured by USL. Joint Type Features Uniflex Expansion Joints Type 1-Buried joint under continuous surfacing Impervious to water and water vapour, long-lasting, simple design Joint Type Features Febajoints Type 2-Asphaltic Plug joint Provides optimum movement capacity of +/- 20mm, joint for use on highway bridges FEBA HM Expansion Joints Type 2-High Modulus Asphaltic Plug joint Can accommodate impact loads, maximum horizontal design movement of  ±20mm Nosing Joint system Type 4-Nosing with preformed compression seal Rapid Installation, No drilling of deck, can only be used in the situation where the gap at carriageway level does not exceed 65mm. Transflex, Waboflex and Euroflex Expansion Joints Type 5-Reinforced Elastomeric Accommodating movement from 38mm to 330mm. used for car park decks, footbridges, podium deck. Britflex ® BEJ Expansion Joints Type 6-Elastomeric in metal runners Rapid on site assembly, less future maintenance costs, easy to install Longitudinal Joints Longitudinal Joint System can accommodate both longitudinal and vertical movement, rapid installation, low maintenance, cost effective , watertight seal 1.8.4 Stirling Lloyd Stirling Lloyd specialise in the development, manufacture and application of high-performance waterproofing and structural protection membranes and systems. They deal with road and rail bridge decks and tunnels, to commercial building developments, car parks and highway maintenance solutions. Some of the joints manufactured by Stirling Lloyd include: Sentinel ® B This joint consists of a PVC flashing strip designed for various movement ranges. The flashing is bonded across the expansion gap and incorporated into the Eliminator ® water proofing system to form a continous waterproofing detail below

Summary Of Latex Allergy :: essays research papers

Summary on Latex Allergy in the Workplace (from JADA) Latex Allergy in the Workplace first talks about the background of the obvious problem of Latex allergy. Natural rubber latex is extracted from the milky sap of the rubber tree Hevea Braziliensis namely in Malaysia. The history of Latex gloves began over a hundred years ago. The first recorded incidence of hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) to the natural rubber Latex occurred in 1939. Because of the upsurge of infectious diseases there was an increase in imported Latex gloves increased from one million in 1987 to eight million in 1988. Also, because of this increase in demand, foreign suppliers didn't live up to the US requirements in manufacturing the gloves, which has of course resulted in a higher latex exposure. And because of Latex being an allergen, the repeated exposure to it may become life threatening. Some types of allergic reactions are as follows: ICD – Irritant Contact Dermatitis – Because of around 200 different compounding chemicals in the gloves, and not properly washing hands after use an itchy, irritated, dryness occurs on the hands. ACD – Allergic Contact Dermatitis (Type IV) – is a delayed reaction to the Latex and usually occurs 24 to 96 hours after exposure. The symptoms of this certain reaction, is similar to poison ivy. Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) – Although the least common reactions to latex, these are the most severe and life-threatening. There have been serious reactions to Latex when inhaled as the proteins are aerosolized during glove cleaning and removal. In 1997 62% of Latex related deaths were from gloves alone. A positive diagnosis of Latex allergy is made by using the results of a medical history, physical exam, diagnostic/exposure related evaluation, and tests. Some tests include, the patch test, the prick skin test, and radio allegro-sorbent tests. With all these tests there is yet to be a 'gold standard'; for diagnosing Latex allergy. The big problem with these tests is that there are a significant number of wrong diagnosis results. The article goes on to tell just who is at risk to this allergy and who has increased risk. Everyone really is at risk to developing an allergy to Latex because even if you are not healthcare providers, workers that produce Latex products, or children with spina bifida or urogenital defect (all which have increased risk) you can still be exposed to Latex in many ways.

Life :: essays research papers

The methods, discoveries, and conclusions of science, as well as their role in society, have generated endless debates throughout history. There was a time when one could be put to death for believing that the earth was round, or ridiculed for claiming that animal species evolve over time. Today people argue over whether it is ethical and responsible science to transplant organs, to allow a suffering person to die, or to genetically alter foods so that they possess special traits. One particular ferocious debate that emerged from the discoveries of modern day science is the debate over the rights of animals. They are used to test the safety and effectiveness of new drugs before those drugs are given to people to treat illnesses and disease. Animals are used to ensure that the ingredients in the foods we eat are safe for consumer consumption. They are also used to test products like eye shadow, lipstick, shampoo, and contact lens solution, as well as chemicals ranging from lawn ferti lizers to caffeine. There should be a balance in the use of animals for scientific advancements. Although we as a society should never accept needless or cruel inflictions of pain, the potential good to all of humanity that can come from using animals for scientific studies outweighs the harm and suffering it may create. The History: While the debate might seem modern, animal testing and the concept of animal rights have both been around for a very long time. However, over the years, the views of people and society have changed. New ideas about what is and is not acceptable in animal testing have led to new laws and new scientific techniques. Animal testing as it is known today owes its existence to the scientific revolution of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. During this time, as the scientific point of view gained respect and Saunders 2 the technology resulting from it exploded into everyday life, researchers began looking to animals for answers to questions that they couldn’t find anywhere else. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, animal experimentation became increasingly popular among scientists. For the most part, no one considered animal testing to be immoral. However, one English Philosopher named Jeremy Bentham believed differently. As stated in People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) website, â€Å"In 1789, Bentham, referring to animals, asked: The question is not can they reason?

Advantages of Arranged Marriages Essay

Marriage is a union or an institution in which two individuals are bound together legally, religiously or otherwise. It occurs as a result of several motives such as emotional, physical, legal, religious, financial, etc. Marriage is not always between two individuals of opposite genders and not everyone involved goes into it of their own free will. In ancient history, women barely had rights of their own and were considered properties of their families and properties of their husbands after marriage. This belief went on for centuries until the 19th and 20th centuries when people in Europe, America and a couple other continents began to make several legal changes to improve the rights of women. For these reasons and many more, marriage has become one the most debated issues in societies today. It is said to be one of the subjects that brings about chaos and confusion in families and societies and that its disadvantages vary on the type of marriage in question. Arranged marriages are one of the many types of marriages people are most skeptical about. Some people even feel that it causes more havoc in families than any other type of marriage. Arranged marriages are mostly practiced by royal families all around the world and in most cases, it is considered not as a union between a man and a woman as husband and wife but as a partnership or an alliance formed between two families. Although arranged marriages may not be completely beneficial to the couples in some cases, it tends to have more advantages than disadvantages in the society today because it reduces the rate of divorce in societies, it guarantees a wider range of happiness in families and it is a secure form of marriage (country reports on human rights practices 2008). To begin with, there are fewer cases of divorce in arranged marriages today and this is as a result of a few precautions taken before a marriage is actually arranged. Firstly, marriages are usually arranged either by the parents of the individuals, a close family member or a matchmaking agency. They (especially the parents) all ensure that the couples that are paired together are compatible in every way (Mayzin 2013). Thorough background checks such as religious, social, financial, cultural and even medical checks are carried out on both individuals. Secondly, divorce is not tolerated in most, if not all, of the societies where arranged marriage is practiced (Zuberi 2013). To elaborate further, arranged marriages are common in countries like India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and there is very little tolerance for divorce in these countries. Lastly, most arranged couples try to resolve their problems amicably to avoid embarrassment from their parents. As stated earlier, when a marriage is arranged, the union is not only between the couple but also between the two families so when couples in arranged marriages have misunderstandings, they try their best to resolve them as quickly as possible in order to prevent their parents from finding out about it and interfering in their private lives. Due to this, the couples end up saving their marriages unconsciously by making sure none of their misunderstanding lasts longer than is necessary. In addition, arranged marriages tend to guarantee a wider range of happiness to the couples involved. To start with, although some of them get off to wrong starts and the first few years do not appear to be as blissful as expected, the couples learn to coexist with each other sooner or later. When they realise that hating and loathing each other is nothing more than a waste of valuable time they should spend to get to learn more about their spouse, they tend to loosen up and, with equal effort from both sides, learn to care for each other. In most cases, the initial feeling of hate eventually turns to love (Lee 2013). Also, the couples in arranged marriages have a lot of similar interests. Most couples in love marriages tend to engage in oral brawls when it comes to family matters and decision making in general because of lack of common interests on certain issues. Like cases as these are rare in arranged marriages due to the critical scrutiny conducted by the parents and family members of the couples before they are labelled as a perfect match. Finally, most love marriages occur as a result of spontaneous decisions made due to irrational thinking. Take for instance, the movie, â€Å"A few best men†. A man and a woman went to an island for a short vacation and while they were there, they met and fell in love instantly. Or so they thought. They spent their time getting to know each other and after ten days, the duration of the vacation, they felt they knew all there was to know about each other so they decided to get married. They had a great honeymoon and promised to be with each other forever. After a few months, they began to have several arguments due to their many dissimilar preferences and countless clashes of interest. Then reality struck; their blissful marriage was over and they had gotten to the stage where they both felt miserable and couldn’t stand each other. A couple more months and they were divorced and had gone their separate ways. Moreover, arranged marriages can be considered as safe marriages because of the following reasons. First of all, there are no social inferiorities between the couples in arranged marriages due to the many similarities in their backgrounds. For instance, if an arranged couple attends a social event together, neither of them would feel out of place because they both have similar upbringing and have both had comparable social experiences. Also, couples have low expectations in arranged marriages because they barely get to know much about their spouses before they get married. They just trust that their families have made the right choices for them so they go along with it and hope for the best to come out of the situation. Due to this, the couples have low expectations of their spouses and sometimes their partners turn out to be amazing; this strengthens the foundation of the marriage. In situations where this is not the case, the little expectations minimizes the level of disappointment. Finally, there are rarely cases of domestic violence in arranged marriages. Just as stated earlier, before a marriage is arranged, thorough background checks are conducted on the potential partners and if as much as a hint of violence is spotted in the background of either of them, the person is not likely to be chosen as a spouse. Furthermore, opponents argue that arranged marriages could also be considered as forced marriages. In some cases, this argument could be legitimate because some couples are forced into marriage for family and societal benefits. For example, some parents force their children, especially the female children, to get married to people from wealthy families with high social standards because of some financial difficulties their families might be facing at the moment or plainly because of a craving for family name and social recognition. In other words, this argument could also be irrelevant and inauthentic for the following reasons. Firstly, arranged marriages these days are optional and are only carried out with the children’s consent (Should arranged marriages be outlawed? 2013). Before a marriage is arranged, the potential couples are brought together, introduced and are given unlimited time to get to know each other. After this phase is completed, the individuals are left to decide whether or not they want to spend the rest of their lives with the person in question. If after this, neither of them is interested in the other, the topic is dropped and a new search for another suitable partner begins. Lastly, forced marriages are obsolete and are against the law (Travis 2000). A law has been enforced that parents forcing marriages on their children is against the law and could be charged with a criminal offence. With this law enforcement on their necks, parents would not dare to marry their children off against their will. In conclusion, arranged marriages have been said to solve several problems such as incompatibility in couples, difficulty in finding a spouse, inferiority complex, etc. Although arranged marriages may not be completely beneficial to the couples in some cases, it tends to have more advantages than disadvantages in the society today because it reduces the rate of divorce in societies, it brings about peace and harmony in families and it is a secure form of marriage.

Externalities in Business

explanation of impertinentities Externalities recently became an principal(prenominal) and a popular term in the blood line world, speci plainlyy with the risen of debates and arguments about the out locationities be and bring ins, and the honorable materializations related to it. Al approximately everybody toilets with an internationality quotidian merely without macrocosm aw be of it (kaydee, 2008). The fair r peculiarityering of says that Externality is the effect of an frugal trans implement which impacts more(prenominal) than than or lessbody who was non bear on in that trans stick with out.The more complicated definition sates that Externalities preserve be de ticket as the several(prenominal)(predicate) graphemes of effects which impact around parties (individual or entities) as a outgrowth of natural(prenominal) parties activities. These effects occur without nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) choice of the touch ships comp distri besides ively and without victorious their gratify into bill by the touch companionship (kaydee, 2008). When whatsoever(prenominal) economic switch occurs between 2 parties, they devil avail from the trade. several(prenominal)times, a ordinal companionship is be regarded as salutary by this trade, the effect endful be a ostracise effect or a confirming unrivaled and these effects ar what we c either(a)(a) foreignities (anonymous nd). For ensample, if we take any championship organization as unrivaled party and the customer is the an new(prenominal)(prenominal) party, they both turn in the trade of the organization sells or pr take outer darlings or services, and the customer patch ups to obtain this straightforward or service. However, the society as a self-colored could be considered as a third party, any external be the society births or any external utilitys it gains from this trade ( be and receiptss non included in the market price of the subst anti altogetherys or services) be and soce considered to be an outwardness.By break of serve d admit this use, the cable organization or the customer can be considered to be the touch party, the society, the third party, is and thence pull up stakes be the affected party, the external make ups and do propers atomic number 18 the externalities (Anon. , nd). Types of externalities T present ar two fictional characters of externalities, the verifying type and prejudicious type. The external benefits atomic number 18 perpetually considered to be affirmatory externalities, these benefits affect the foreigners in a positive(p) bearing, give some advantages and without any salary required.The external costs ar considered as invalidating externalities, these costs affect the outsider minusly chargedly, impact them in disadvantageous carriage, and the outsiders be strained repair these costs without any choice (Jonson, n. d. ). T here ar a good hatch of casings to clarify each of the two types. The ostracize outwardness which is some analysts call it as external costs and some other call it as external diseconomies can be seen in the global warm which is considered to be number one negative outwardness the change in the climate came as a expiry from the emissions of impatient the oil, coal and gas.The water pollution as a result of adding poisons to the water or the several contaminated chemicals which ar dumped by industrial plants in lands or lakes participates in injurying the quite a little, plants and animals. The over fish which comes as a consequence from the over harvesting of a fishing beau monde ill-uses other fishing companies harvesting in the same ocean. The comm unity trucks using a pass whitethorn create congestion or transaction jam which impacts negatively other road users.In the animal outpution, the industrial farms which hand huge out dictates of animal products generates a negative externalit ies in the form of increasing the antibiotic drug resistant bacteria, contamination of rivers and waters by the disposal of the animal emaciate. These farms as substantially result in a nonher outwardness of the animal welfargon reduction delinquent to the close quarters where the animals atomic number 18 kept.The puzzles which whitethorn be caused by the atomic plants when storing the nu gain ground wild in impropriate way, and the radioactive waste which is generated thorough the energy production of the nuclear power plants may affect the occurrent and new generations. The external cost of health decline which is a consequence of smoking, the external cost in the form of railcar accidents collect the consumption of alcohol by drinkers which may spark advance to pedestrians killing or injure, are all considered as negative outwardness. All the previous negative externalities examples revile the environment and the inhabitants.The environment, the volume, plants and animals are the parties which are affected negatively without any choice from their side and without taking their interests into consideration by the outwardness generator (Shaprio, Khemani, 2003 Anon. , nd). at that place are many examples as closely to be meaned to diagnose the positive externality. When somebody spoils a sealed product, it would add-on the product value to other good big money who already puzzle this product, the outgrowth of the value is considered to be an external benefit for these population, this type of positive externality sometimes called the electronic network externality or the network effect.When an invention is discovered or discipline is made more accessible, then other batch go away externally benefit from using this invention or the information. The grooming as well as gives a positive externality to the whole society, the more are the educated people in the society the more the whole society separate off compensate peop le who are non educated as the rate of shame entrust decline which means more safety.a nonher(prenominal) example of positive externalities is when a foreign troupe opens a new branch in another coun determine about, although the deal is between the foreign organization and the country, and although they both benefit monetaryly from this deal, scarce as well people provide benefit by having opportunities for jobs, salaries and kind of secure life, this tautological benefit for the people is considered to be positive externality.Also, when people buy a peculiar(prenominal) type of a commodity, the want on these commodity stair-ups, which as well increase the work chances for distri simplyors, or when people buy a car forge, then the shoot for mechanics of this certain car model increases. Construction as well may give positive externality, when roads and link up are built and opened it may give a chance of chess opening new areas for housing and establishing cliente le entities (Shaprio, Khemani, 2003 Anon. , nd Anon. , 2007). Externalities and the honest theoriesGenerally, externalities are always a term which creates a situation of brotherly injustice, its globe generates cordially unbalanced outcomes, regarding the fact that a party may gain external benefits without salaried any type of costs, or a party who may suffer from and craft glide byerd to pay external costs without any choice (Anon. , nd). The question about clean-living philosophy in all cases of the externalities moves around the ecumenical incorruptity. The prevalent morals are defined as a musical arrangement of ethical motive that can dupe to every gracious universe. The externality then, with its both types, the positive one and the negative, may adept to a impact of the ethics.If we analyze the negative externality example we mentioned of the radioactive pollution, as such(prenominal) an externality allow for contain external costs, people who ordai n be affected by the negative outcomes, forget consider the combat injury they will be exposed to as explicit costs which they did not put into account before. The defame could be in the shape of lung and body diseases, and the extra earnings for medical checks and medicines. As the radioactive company serves the people by providing utilities, people will see the misuse generated by the same company the negative externality- as a reduction of the utility.The negative externality here then raises an honest hassle as it is simply considered as a colza of ethics as harming others (Anon. , nd). Regarding the positive externalities, it over again raises an honest issue by violating the universal ethics as the positive externalities type is always connected to the term which is called chuck up the sponge riding. To rationalize how positive externality violates the ethics, let us refer to our example of precept, when the society as a whole and as a third party, benefits from t he education process in the form of being an educated, productive and well being society.Everyone then in the society will benefit, steady people who were not educated will benefit without stipendiary any cost. For such people, who will benefit from the educated, productive and well being society they are breathing in, it is considered external benefits as they did not pay for education, that on the contrary, they are fire riding on the cost of others who had to go finished and pay for the education process.Another example is the society health care, when people go and obtain the vaccination, the society will be protected from the transmitted diseases by its vaccinated members, only when the people who did not receive the vaccination will allay be protected from the diseases and will benefit from the healthy and protected society, actually they are free riding on the costs of the other members of the society. The free riding problem- the positive externality- is considered t o be against the ethics and raise an good issue of benefiting from the borne of others (Anon. , nd).Also externalities raise an respectable issue referable to the problem that the value or equivalent of any externality is difficult to be check intod, some of the externalities are hidden, negative externalities are hidden by the traders, and positive externalities are hidden by the third parties benefit from it, which considered cheating, and fall apart the innocent respectable rule do not cheat (kaydee, 2008). With the nowadays absence of ethics, the appearance changed negatively in a spectacular way, People do not cerebrate anymore about the externality which they difference to create once any product they buy reach the expiry date.Companies do not think about the consequences of their waste disposal of the manufacturing exertions. Injustice is considered to be a assault of ethics, when a third party is negatively affected by a transaction which is out of his or her interpret, in that location is then a case of injustice. Similar, when someone is affected positively by a transaction which is out of his or her withstand and he or she does not pay for this benefit, again the injustice takes place (kaydee, 2008). Some analysts have several(predicate) vox populi some will argue that there is no honourable issue about externalities, content that there is nothing to do with wrongdoing.The supporters of this sagacity say that most(prenominal) of the stage workes are trying to get the purpose of their existence they try to achieve their target whatever it is, qualification profit, providing goods and services, and cargo decking the employees employed. The bout of interests between the logical argumentes activities and the disparate parties around does not mean that production linees are doing anything wrong (MacDonald, 2007). Corporations actually should work under some certain core inventions which most of the time create kind of ethical dilemmas, these concepts are the line of business ethics rules which each business should respect and follow.But it is clear that these concepts are not strictly followed by business leaders, most of bay windows do not pay much attention to business ethics and practically of businesses do not pay attention to the ethical implications of the externalities and its modify of the environment. As it is said In business, its easy to talk about ethics, but its damn unassailable to be ethical. If we look back in time, historically two important ethical philosophies were created, the occidental honorable Philosophy and the Eastern Ethical Philosophy.Generally, philosophers came up with a number of ethical principles that control and guide business activities, these principles can be considered as ethical standards which always get codified into laws. one of the most important and well known ethical systems in the western ethical philosophies was the Hippocratic Oath, these pr inciples was created by the Greek physician Hippocrates, and they are hush used today, these principles in aggregate commandly direct people to the concept of Do no harm. The eastern example is the karma which adopts the concept of cause and effect, what are the negative and positive results of any head.This ethical system simply says that if you harm others, then the harm will eventually return to you harmonize to that, if the business creates good consequences then this good will return back to the business, and if the business does harm others, then the harm will also return and harm the business (Johannsen, n. d. ). So, both philosophies and some other philosophies not mentioned in this paper, raise the ethical issue of harming others, which is related to the externalities consequences, as one of the louver core business concepts from the perspective of the harm and the negative effects that businesses generate.Worth to mention that the five core business concepts from the batch of causing harm are shareowner Wealth, Profit Maximization, Fiduciary Responsibility, Return on Investment (ROI), and Externalities (Johannsen, n. d. ). In any business, all the accounting figures including profits and costs are always shown on the financial statements, but in the case of the externalities (which some financial analysts call it financial liabilities) the financial statements do not show the external cost or the external benefits of the good deal.Some will argue that this is considered to be a usage and a breach of ethics, and that the businesses should, clarify, confess, be amenable and pay for the externalities they cause. But some others will argue that the externalities are so hard to be described as a number or figure, and thus cannot be shown in the financial statement as liabilities, and so it can not be described as a role or a breach of ethics. unrivalled of the important and well known ethical theories that may describe the externalities in a b etter way could be the functional ethical surmisal.The utilitarianism refers to the idea that the moral outlayy of any action, whatever this action is do by an individual or by an entity, the moral worth will be determined only by how the actions consequences participates to the overall utility. Thus, the utilitarianism indicates a type of consequentialism, as the moral worth of the action then will be judged harmonize to its results and its effects on people. The utility here is considered to be the overall merriment and the absence of unhinge.The utilitarian ethical system describes the contrary types of actions, any action is considered to be an ethical action- in other words to be virtuously effective if its moral worth is positive, meaning, the actions outcomes contribute in developing the overall utility or the overall happiness or pleasure among people. However the action will be considered as an wrong action- or morally wrong- if its moral worth is negative and its consequences are decreasing the overall utility of people and cause them suffering or pain (Anon. , nd).If we put externalities in practice harmonise to the utilitarian ethical theory, then both types of externalities, the positive and the negative, are to be considered as unethical actions. The negative externality affects the third parties by reducing their utility, in all our previous examples of negative externalities, environment and people end in suffering and pain. public lecture about the positive externalities, they are as well considered unethical as the third parties are affected positively but without paying any cost for these benefits which in a way increase their utilities but on the account of others.Although this ethical theory was successful for a period of time, it was climax with lots of reproval which came up later. One of the important criticisms was that the utilitarian ethical theory described the positive and negative externalities as parallel in n ature, and those externalities will lead to non optimal outcomes which call for the necessity of authorities intervention. Mr. Murray Rothbard wrote in his book, Man, Economy, and State, a good criticism of the utilitarianism approach of externalities. He stated that the positive and the negative externalities are not symmetric from the ethical perspective of place dutys.He says that the two externalities types are completely different in nature he argued that the injustice in the case of the negative externalities is due to the failure of the authorities in protect the property rectifys of every party involved. Opposite, in the case of the positive externalities, there is no violation of the property rights of the party who gives the external benefits but only when the authority tries to distort this benefits (Cleveland, 2002). Another ethical theory which can explain the externalities is the social tariff theory.The embodied social accountability term- which is divided int o cardinal parts, the intelligent, the discretionary, the economic responsibility, and finally what we are implicated in, the ethical responsibility- refers to the obligations of the business to work and conduct the operations in ways which achieve its own interests and the interests of all its stakeholders. Thus, the business is to be considered as a socially creditworthy if it pays attention and make sure that its activities do not harm or affect negatively its stakeholders (Sandy Millar, Christopher Theunissen, 2008, P69) (Anon. 2008). When we look at externalities from this theorys point of view, especially the negative type of externalities, any business which causes harm to the environment, people and society in total, should not be then considered as socially responsible business. This business often in force(p) treatment on achieving its own interests and purpose of existence (making profit and satisfying the shareholders), but it fails in keeping its social responsibil ities and obligations towards the rest of the stakeholders and thus lead to externalities.As mentioned, the most important interest and the main target for most pottys are to satisfy their shareholders needs, and that comes by making profit. This aim is the most argued that it is the reason for corporation to act unethically and not paying attention to the social responsibility and lead to unethical practices which cause the externalities. At the end the corporation is just a legal structure and its moral responsibilities comes from the moral responsibilities of the corporations shareholders, employees, and managers.If the managers are being unethical conducting unethical activities, and if the shareholders are being unethical by approving and giving the greenness light to the managers to go ahead in such unethical practices, then it at the end reflects on the overall corporation of being ethical or unethical, of being socially responsible or not (Anon. , 2008). This leads to anoth er approach, which is the general ethics theory. ethics is what examines and judge the human deportment regarding what is right and what is wrong, regarding what is just and what is unjust, and regarding what is fair and what is unfair.To behave ethically is to behave in a manner which is right or moral. The behavior then is considered to be ethical if it is right and the bench vise versa. But what does determine if the behavior is right or wrong? What does determine if the behavior ethical or unethical? Generally, the society comes on the top of the list of what determines what is right or wrong, even if societies are sometimes different from one another in some of specific rules and workencys of the morally condition behavior, but at the end they all agree some general standards and principles which should be followed.When combining the two theories together, the social responsibility and the general ethics, we find that externalities happen due to many reasons. there is no one agreed moral code, and people, including top executives, have weak sense of good moral especially that nowadays people are mostly far from religion and their morals come often from their experience.This conflict of good behavior and gaining high profit is a good example, when choosing between being socially responsible or profit in the existence of weak sense of morals, the business represented in its official will chooses the profit. In multinational companies, externalities are more exchangeablely to happen as these companies give out in different countries each has its own people and its own culture and moral codes which may conflict with each other.Individuals in such companies, when working with different groups with different values and moral codes, tend comfortably to break their own values, ethics, and behavior which they reckon to be the right way, in direct to fit, adapt to and be accepted by their group instead of standing up against the wrong behavior, their own interest to be acknowledge do beat their social responsibility which they are obliged towards the society. Suggested solutions for externalities There are some solutions which came up to deal with the issue of externalities.Most of these solutions are set about by criticism due to respective(a) reasons. Social Conventions, Regulatory Limits, Mergers, and disciplinal appraisees are considered to be the most important answers to deal with the externalities. The social conventions approach aims to deal with externalities through the social conventions and traditions. But it faced with a criticism that it forces people to take into account the externalities they cause, and that it may work with individuals but its effectualness will not be utilitarian with high cost externalities generated by multinational companies as instance.Merger, another solution for externalities, gathers all the parties involved in the externality to combine, but again it failed to take in all situat ions, it could solve the negative externalities between some firms by merging them together, but in a situation like a polluter company and the people around this company who are affected negatively by the pollution, how can the company and the people merge together? (Gibson, 1996).The restrictive demarcations approach is mantic to be the most common approach for dealing with externalities, simply it does not only suggest to impose regulative limits for the externality kernel generated by any party, but as well imposes a fine for any party generates externality which exceeds the regulatory limits. The corrective taxes approach aims to impose corrective taxes in order to push all parties to be socially responsible and limit the bar of externalities produced.If we take pollution as an example, then corrective taxes will be imposed on each unit of pollution equal to the same amount of damage affected the society. The two approaches, which in a way close in concept to each other, aim to force the externalities generators- including businesses- to absorb the cost incurred by them. Still, both approaches are faced with problems which weaken them.The regulatory limits approach has some difficulties especially when it comes to the determination and detection of the firms breaching the limits and by how much is the violation of the limits (Gibson, 1996). The corrective tax approach has lots of supporters who completely agree that externalities generators should pay the full cost for their faults, and by punishing some business, this will work as a red alert to the rest to pay more attention to business ethics and to behave in a better ethical and moral way.But still the ideas is facing lots of criticism, the opponents cry that when implementing such a tax system, the first result will be the price increase as the businesses will try to keep their profit margin stable, especially afterward the increase of their costs due to paying the corrective tax, this will e ventually lead to a decrease in demand and thus economical problems. Also, the opponents argue that in some externality cases, such as pollution, it is difficult to determine the polluter and the amount of harm was caused (same like the regulatory limits).And even if the damage amount can be determined, it appears the biggest problem of externality which is the estimation of the externality effects. Positive or negative externality should be measured and restated into a value which will determine the corrective tax amount (Gibson, 1996). Some businesses, when faced with the problem of externality, and when they are accused by affecting negatively third parties, whatever it was environment, people or other businesses, they sometimes follow what is called the obstructive response, which indicates the lowest degree of social responsibility.According to this type of response, accused businesses tend to deny all the responsibility, and argue that any evidence that they generated an exte rnality is misleading they also do their best to delay investigations and the chassis of externality evidences, they did not only breach the ethical rule of do not harm by they as well breach the rule of do not cheat. Conclusion and recommendations Externality with its two types, the positive and the negative, happens all the time in our normal daily life it has several effects on all parties involved.environmental harm is the most important and recognized consequence of the negative externality. Several ethical theories can be used to explain the ethical nature of externalities, the utilitarianism, the social responsibility, and the general ethics theories. Generally, externalities are considered to be a violation of ethics. Many reasons cause the externalities, but most importantly is the absence of ethics, and the good moral of people, which lead to absence of business ethics and morals as business at the end consists of groups of people.There are businesses which pay attention to the social responsibility and the good moral, these businesses try to meet their obligations towards their business environment, sometimes through setting up special committees or professional experts in order to discuss and solve their ethical problems. But most businesses are understandably tend to ignore their social responsibility and act mostly in the way which serves their own interests and deny any declare or evidences about the externalities and harm they may cause to their business environment.There are several possible approaches to deal with the problem of externalities, but each approach has its weaknesses. There is a strong support for persuading businesses to full take the responsibility and pay for the externalitys cost incurred by them. The opponents of this opinion argue that this cannot be done as it is difficult to determine the amount of harm produced and as well difficult to translate it into a value. Some other opponents claim that businesses do offer to th e society and the business environment more benefits than harm in the shape of better economy, employment, utilities and welfare.Top executives and managers and chiefly business officials should work and ethically apply the core concepts in ways which clog the externalities and the harm which could be generated by their decisions. They also have to solve the problem of interests conflict and act in a way that balance and achieve both interest as much as possible. telephone line officials have to establish moral principles to determine an organizational core value to control and guide the organizations practices and to set a moral climate at heart the organization.Any business that violates the ethics should then be suspended from continuing its operation for a period of time at least till correction step is taken. People should return and relive the ethics and values, and they have to act and behave rationally. 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